trunk/chuckDissertation/dissertation.tex

%\documentclass[nosummary]{ndthesis}
\documentclass[final,noinfo]{nddiss2e}

% some packages for things like equations and graphics
%\usepackage[tbtags]{amsmath}
%\usepackage{amsmath,bm}
%\usepackage{amssymb}
%\usepackage{mathrsfs}
%\usepackage{mathptm}
%\usepackage{tabularx}
%\usepackage{graphicx}
%\usepackage{booktabs}
%\usepackage{cite}
%\usepackage{enumitem}
%\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{subeqnarray} 
\usepackage{deluxetable}

\renewcommand{\appendixname}{APPENDIX}
%\clubpenalty=10000
%\widowpenalty=10000

\begin{document}

\frontmatter

\title{COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF METALLIC GLASSES AND NANOPARTICLES}

\author{Charles Francis Vardeman II} 
\work{Dissertation}
%\degprior{B.Sc.}
\degaward{Doctor of Philosophy}
\advisor{J. Daniel Gezelter}
\department{Chemistry and Biochemistry}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}

This dissertation presents research using classically based Molecular Dynamics techniques to study the structure and dynamics of phases exhibited by unique metallic systems. These systems include metallic glasses, nanoparticles, and lastly glassy nanoparticles. It is arranged in the order the research was conducted since later material builds on formerly presented materials. Introductory material common to all chapters in this dissertation relating to Molecular Dynamics techniques is presented in the opening chapter. This includes an introduction to metallic force fields, integration of the classical equations of motion and Langevin Dynamics. 

Chapter \ref{chap:metalglass} explores transport dynamics in a known glass former (a mixture of silver and copper). This system presents an interesting target for computational study because it is a real glass forming system that closely resembles model binary Lennard-Jones systems that have been previously studied. Lennard-Jones glasses are interesting because they have decay functions that obey the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts ({\sc kww}) law. Comparisons will be made between dynamics (mean squared displacement, cage correlation funcion) in model systems and models of real glass formers. Additionally, a model for fractal distributions of waiting times in glassy materials will be examined and compared to the waiting times in this metallic glass. 

It has been experimentally observed that spontaneous alloying of bimetallic core-shell Au-Ag nanoparticles (NPs) can occur shortly after synthesis. Chapter \ref{chap:nanodiffusion} will use computational techniques to explore a possible mechanism for such alloying. Nanoparticles differ in many ways from their bulk counterparts in both physical and chemical properties. Some of these differences are attributed to the large surface area to volume ration present in nanoparticles. Computational techniques will be used to explore whether the hypothesis that a small fraction of vacancies formed at the Au-Ag core-shell interface, during synthesis, can result in the alloying of the nanoparticle. And, if this alloying occurs on a time scale consistent with experimental observations.
    
Chapter \ref{chap:bulkmod} computationally explores experimental observations involving the transient response of metallic nanoparticles to the nearly instantaneous heating undergone when photons are absorbed during ultrafast laser excitation experiments. Because the time scale for heating is faster than a single period of the breathing mode for spherical nanoparticles, hot-electron pressure and lattice heating contribute to thermal excitation of the lattice. Both mechanism are rapid enough to coherently excite the breathing mode of
the spherical particles. Molecular Dynamics simulations are used to replicate the laser-excitation event allowing the nanoparticle dynamics to be probed after excitation.

It was observed during the studies of metallic nanoparticles dissused on in Chapter \ref{chap:bulkmod} that the time scale for the cooling of these particle is very short (on the order of tens of picoseconds). Since these experiments are carried out in condensed phase surroundings, the large surface area to volume ratio makes the heat transfer to the surrounding solvent a relatively rapid process. This leads to cooling rates commensurate with those experimentally observed for glass formation. Molecular Dynamics will be used to determine if it is plausible to construct a glassy nanobead from the metallic glass forming system discussed in Chapter \ref{chap:metalglass}. It may be feasible to use laser excitation to melt, alloy and quench copper-silver nanoparticles in order to form a glassy system.
\end{abstract}

\begin{dedication}
I wish to dedicate this dissertation to my mother and late father for their encouragement of my natural curiosity and providing me with a love of learning. I further want to dedicate this dissertation to my late Uncle Victor Messana for the countless hours spent in mentoring me by assisting in the creation of my science fair projects and my Aunt Winnie who had the patience to put up with the both of us. 
\end{dedication}

\tableofcontents
\listoffigures
\listoftables

\begin{acknowledge}
I would to thank my advisor, J. Daniel Gezelter, for the guidance,
perspective, and direction he provided during this work.
I would also like to thank my fellow group members - Dr.~Matthew Meineke, Dr.~Teng Lin, Dr. ~Christopher J. Fennell, Kyle Daily, Xiuquan Sun, Yang Zheng, Kyle Haygarth, Patrick Conforti, Megan Sprague, Dan Combest, Dr. Peter DeCarlo, Patrick Holvey, Christie Puglis, Jennifer Morton,  Shenyu Kuang, and Chunlei Li for helpful comments and suggestions along the way. I would also like to thank Dr. Christopher Harrison, Professor Steven Corcelli, and Dr. Kristina Furse for additional discussions and comments on a variety of subjects related to this work. I wish to acknowledge the support of the Center for Research Computing for providing computational support for this dissertation and particularly Dr. JC Ducom. Additional computational resources were provided by the Notre Dame Bunch-of-Boxes (B.o.B.) cluster under NSF grant DMR 0079647. I wish to acknowledge Professor Greg Hartland for discussions relating to the dynamics and structure in nanoparticles. I want to acknowledge the support of my dissertation committee Professors Ian Carmichael, Dani Meisel and Alex Kandel. I wish to acknowledge helpful discussions from the combined supergroup of Professors Gezelter, Corcelli, Maginn, Schneider and Newman.

Lastly, I would like to acknowledge finical support for this dissertation from the  Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the University of Notre Dame Grace Fellowship, 
National Science Foundation Grant CHE-0134881, and the New Faculty Award from the Camille and Henry Dreufus Foundation. Additionally, support was provided by Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences.


\end{acknowledge}

\mainmatter

\input{Introduction}

\input{metallicglass}

\input{nanodiffusion}

\input{bulkmod}

\input{nanoglass}

\input{conclusion}

\appendix

\backmatter
 
\bibliographystyle{ndthesis}
%\bibliographystyle{nddiss2e}
\bibliography{dissertation}  

\end{document}


\endinput
Revision:	3496
Committed:	Wed Apr 8 19:13:41 2009 UTC (15 years, 5 months ago) by chuckv
Content type:	application/x-tex
File size:	7161 byte(s)
Log Message:	Final Version
#	User	Rev	Content
1	chuckv	3496	%\documentclass[nosummary]{ndthesis}
2			\documentclass[final,noinfo]{nddiss2e}
3	chuckv	3483
4			% some packages for things like equations and graphics
5	chuckv	3496	%\usepackage[tbtags]{amsmath}
6			%\usepackage{amsmath,bm}
7			%\usepackage{amssymb}
8			%\usepackage{mathrsfs}
9			%\usepackage{mathptm}
10			%\usepackage{tabularx}
11			%\usepackage{graphicx}
12			%\usepackage{booktabs}
13			%\usepackage{cite}
14			%\usepackage{enumitem}
15			%\usepackage{mathrsfs}
16			\usepackage{subeqnarray}
17			\usepackage{deluxetable}
18
19	chuckv	3483	\renewcommand{\appendixname}{APPENDIX}
20	chuckv	3496	%\clubpenalty=10000
21			%\widowpenalty=10000
22	chuckv	3483
23			\begin{document}
24
25			\frontmatter
26
27	chuckv	3496	\title{COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF METALLIC GLASSES AND NANOPARTICLES}
28
29	chuckv	3483	\author{Charles Francis Vardeman II}
30			\work{Dissertation}
31	chuckv	3496	%\degprior{B.Sc.}
32	chuckv	3483	\degaward{Doctor of Philosophy}
33			\advisor{J. Daniel Gezelter}
34			\department{Chemistry and Biochemistry}
35
36			\maketitle
37
38			\begin{abstract}
39
40	chuckv	3496	This dissertation presents research using classically based Molecular Dynamics techniques to study the structure and dynamics of phases exhibited by unique metallic systems. These systems include metallic glasses, nanoparticles, and lastly glassy nanoparticles. It is arranged in the order the research was conducted since later material builds on formerly presented materials. Introductory material common to all chapters in this dissertation relating to Molecular Dynamics techniques is presented in the opening chapter. This includes an introduction to metallic force fields, integration of the classical equations of motion and Langevin Dynamics.
41	chuckv	3483
42	chuckv	3496	Chapter \ref{chap:metalglass} explores transport dynamics in a known glass former (a mixture of silver and copper). This system presents an interesting target for computational study because it is a real glass forming system that closely resembles model binary Lennard-Jones systems that have been previously studied. Lennard-Jones glasses are interesting because they have decay functions that obey the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts ({\sc kww}) law. Comparisons will be made between dynamics (mean squared displacement, cage correlation funcion) in model systems and models of real glass formers. Additionally, a model for fractal distributions of waiting times in glassy materials will be examined and compared to the waiting times in this metallic glass.
43
44			It has been experimentally observed that spontaneous alloying of bimetallic core-shell Au-Ag nanoparticles (NPs) can occur shortly after synthesis. Chapter \ref{chap:nanodiffusion} will use computational techniques to explore a possible mechanism for such alloying. Nanoparticles differ in many ways from their bulk counterparts in both physical and chemical properties. Some of these differences are attributed to the large surface area to volume ration present in nanoparticles. Computational techniques will be used to explore whether the hypothesis that a small fraction of vacancies formed at the Au-Ag core-shell interface, during synthesis, can result in the alloying of the nanoparticle. And, if this alloying occurs on a time scale consistent with experimental observations.
45
46			Chapter \ref{chap:bulkmod} computationally explores experimental observations involving the transient response of metallic nanoparticles to the nearly instantaneous heating undergone when photons are absorbed during ultrafast laser excitation experiments. Because the time scale for heating is faster than a single period of the breathing mode for spherical nanoparticles, hot-electron pressure and lattice heating contribute to thermal excitation of the lattice. Both mechanism are rapid enough to coherently excite the breathing mode of
47			the spherical particles. Molecular Dynamics simulations are used to replicate the laser-excitation event allowing the nanoparticle dynamics to be probed after excitation.
48
49			It was observed during the studies of metallic nanoparticles dissused on in Chapter \ref{chap:bulkmod} that the time scale for the cooling of these particle is very short (on the order of tens of picoseconds). Since these experiments are carried out in condensed phase surroundings, the large surface area to volume ratio makes the heat transfer to the surrounding solvent a relatively rapid process. This leads to cooling rates commensurate with those experimentally observed for glass formation. Molecular Dynamics will be used to determine if it is plausible to construct a glassy nanobead from the metallic glass forming system discussed in Chapter \ref{chap:metalglass}. It may be feasible to use laser excitation to melt, alloy and quench copper-silver nanoparticles in order to form a glassy system.
50	chuckv	3483	\end{abstract}
51
52			\begin{dedication}
53	chuckv	3496	I wish to dedicate this dissertation to my mother and late father for their encouragement of my natural curiosity and providing me with a love of learning. I further want to dedicate this dissertation to my late Uncle Victor Messana for the countless hours spent in mentoring me by assisting in the creation of my science fair projects and my Aunt Winnie who had the patience to put up with the both of us.
54	chuckv	3483	\end{dedication}
55
56			\tableofcontents
57			\listoffigures
58			\listoftables
59
60			\begin{acknowledge}
61			I would to thank my advisor, J. Daniel Gezelter, for the guidance,
62			perspective, and direction he provided during this work.
63	chuckv	3496	I would also like to thank my fellow group members - Dr.~Matthew Meineke, Dr.~Teng Lin, Dr. ~Christopher J. Fennell, Kyle Daily, Xiuquan Sun, Yang Zheng, Kyle Haygarth, Patrick Conforti, Megan Sprague, Dan Combest, Dr. Peter DeCarlo, Patrick Holvey, Christie Puglis, Jennifer Morton, Shenyu Kuang, and Chunlei Li for helpful comments and suggestions along the way. I would also like to thank Dr. Christopher Harrison, Professor Steven Corcelli, and Dr. Kristina Furse for additional discussions and comments on a variety of subjects related to this work. I wish to acknowledge the support of the Center for Research Computing for providing computational support for this dissertation and particularly Dr. JC Ducom. Additional computational resources were provided by the Notre Dame Bunch-of-Boxes (B.o.B.) cluster under NSF grant DMR 0079647. I wish to acknowledge Professor Greg Hartland for discussions relating to the dynamics and structure in nanoparticles. I want to acknowledge the support of my dissertation committee Professors Ian Carmichael, Dani Meisel and Alex Kandel. I wish to acknowledge helpful discussions from the combined supergroup of Professors Gezelter, Corcelli, Maginn, Schneider and Newman.
64	chuckv	3483
65	chuckv	3496	Lastly, I would like to acknowledge finical support for this dissertation from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the University of Notre Dame Grace Fellowship,
66			National Science Foundation Grant CHE-0134881, and the New Faculty Award from the Camille and Henry Dreufus Foundation. Additionally, support was provided by Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences.
67
68
69
70	chuckv	3483	\end{acknowledge}
71
72			\mainmatter
73
74			\input{Introduction}
75
76			\input{metallicglass}
77
78			\input{nanodiffusion}
79
80			\input{bulkmod}
81
82			\input{nanoglass}
83
84	chuckv	3496	\input{conclusion}
85	chuckv	3483
86			\appendix
87
88			\backmatter
89
90			\bibliographystyle{ndthesis}
91	chuckv	3496	%\bibliographystyle{nddiss2e}
92	chuckv	3483	\bibliography{dissertation}
93
94			\end{document}
95
96
97			\endinput