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1 ; TeX output 2014.09.12:1619/pe9V
2 phvb7tFrictionUatW&ater/Ice-I|{Ycmr8hinterfaces: DotheF“acetsofIceHaveDi IerentHydr“ophilicity?$"l
3 phvr7tP&atr. ic“kUB.Louden2#l
4 phvr7t1HandJ.DanielGezelter212, h2$3{
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6 ptmri7tDepartmentL)ofChemistryandBiochemistryW,_4UniverIsityofNotrVeDame,_3NotrVeDame,$"IN46556$"03{
7 3
8 ptmr7t(Dated:d12September2014)$"3{
9 ptmr7tAbstractabstractabstract...፟ff$"^/3{
10 ptmr7ta)]&3{
11
12 ptmr7tElectronicmail:gezelter@nd.edu.1*/p1ߌ
13 ptmb7tI.INTRODUCTION( ExplainalittlebitabouticeIh,pointgroupstu .Mentiondpre3viousewIorkdone/ongoingwIorkbyotherpeople.}HaymetandRickseemtobein&vestigatingho3wtheinterfIacesisperturbedbythepresenceofions.MThisistheconlcusionofarecent3publicationofthe4basalandprismaticfIacetsoficeIh, @no3wpresentingthepIyramidalandsecondaryprismfIacetsundershearW.JˍII.UMETHODOLOGYA. PyramidalandsecondaryprismsystemconstructionTheconstructionofthepIyramidalandsecondaryprismsystemsfollo3wsthatofthebasalandprismaticsystemspresentedelse3where28ߌ
14 ptmb7t?,a5howevertheicecrystalsandwIaterboxeswereequili-bratedXandcombinedatY50KWinsteadof225K.Theice/wIatersystemsgeneratedwerethenequili-bratedktok225K.TheresultingpIyramidalsystemwIasXQ cmr1237g cmmi12:47|!",
15 cmsy10}29:5093:02kƟ"kAwithk1216SPC/Emoleculesintheiceslab,and2203intheliquidphase.TThesecondaryprismsystemgeneratedwIas 71:8731:66161:55"A with3840SPC/E moleculesintheiceslaband8176moleculesintheliquidphase.JˍB. Computationaldetails(TheGcomputationaldetailsperformedherewereequi3valentGtoGthosereportedinthepre3viouspublication2?.Theonlychangesmadetothepre3viouslyreportedprocedurewerethefollo3wing.VSS-RNEMDmoveswereattemptede3very2fsinsteadofe3very50fs.ThiswIasdonetominimizethemagnitudeofeachindi3vidualVSS-RNEMDperturbationtothesystem.AllpIyramidalsimulationswereperformedundertheNVTrensambleexceptthoseduringwhichstatisticsRwereaccumulatedSfortheorientationalcorrelationfunction,whichwereperformedundertheNVEensamble.PAllsecondaryprismsimulationswereperformedundertheNVEensamble.2v/KAq"APSfile="SP_comic_strip.eps" llx=0 lly=0 urx=792 ury=612 rwi=4662 FIG.g|1.HThesecondaryg{prisminterfacewithashearrateof3.5ms-1).HLowerpanel::Tthelocaltetrahedralorderparameter,C3 b>
16 3
17 cmmi10qd2K`y
18 3
19 cmr10(z{I),D(blackcircles)andthehyperbolictangent t(redline).VMiddlepanel:Ogtheimposedthermalgradientrequiredtomaintaina xedinterfacialtemperature.Upperpanel:thetransversevelocitygradientthatdevelopsinresponsetoanimposedmomentum ux.Theverticaldottedlinesindicatethelocationsofthemidpointsofthetwointerfaces.&UIII.RESULfTSANDDISCUSSION'A. InterfacialwidthInothepliteraturethereisgoodagreementthatbetweenthesolidiceandtheb“ulkwIater&,&Kthereexists8a8regionof'Wslush-likIe'8watermolecules.bInthisregion,Fthewatermolecules8arestructurelydistinguishableandbeha“vedi erentlythanthoseofthesolidiceortheb“ulkwIaterW.Thecharacter-istics^ofthisregion]ha“ve^beende nedbybothstructuralanddynamicproperties;۔anditswidthhas3 /5"DPSfile="Pyr_comic_strip.eps" llx=34 lly=47 urx=702 ury=523 rwi=4662 FIG.2.dThepyramidalinterfacewithashearrateof3.8yms-1).dPaneldescriptionsmatchthosein gure1.#beenmeasuredbythechangeofthesepropertiesfromtheirb“ulkliquidv3aluestothoseofthesolidice.0Examples(oftheseproperties( includethedensity8Y,2'thedi usionconstant,2'andthetranslationalorderpro le.2?z?????[SincetthetVSS-RNEMDtzmovesusedttoimposethethermalandvelocitygradientsperturbthemomentaofthewIatermoleculesinthesystems,չparametersthatdependontranslationalmotionmaygi3vefIaultyresults.3Asturucturalparameterwillbelesse ectedbytheVSS-RNEMDpertur“-bations>to>thesystem.sDuetothis,N&weha“veusedthelocalordertetrahedralparametertoquantifytheVwidthVoftheinterfIace,0whichwasVoriginallydescribedbyKumar2? QlandErrington2? Qmandex-plainedinourpre3viouspublication2? inrelationtoanice/wIatersystem.\Paragraphandeq.Pfortetrahedralityhere.T
20 BodeterminethewidthoftheinterfIaces,eachofthesystemsweredi3videdinto100arti cialbins'#alongthez-dimension,pandthelocaltetrahedralorderparameter&,qn9(z),wIastime-a“veragedforeachofthebins,-resultinginatetrahedralitypro leofthesystem.#Thesepro lesaresho3wn4/pacrossItheIz-dimensionofthesystemsinpanelaofFigures1and2(blackcircles).]Theqn9(z)functionAhasarangeof(0,1),Rwherealarȹgerv3alueindicatesamoretetrahedralen&vironment.}Theqn9(z)fortheb“ulkliquidwIasfoundtobe0.77,whilev3aluesof0.92weremorecommonforthe:ice.Thetetrahedrality;pro leswere tusingahyperbolictangent2?
21 designedtosmoothly tthehnb“ulkhmtoicetransition,whileaccountingforthethermalin uenceonthepro lebythekineticenerȹgyexchangesoftheVSS-RNEMDkmoves.Inpanelsbandc, theimposedthermalandvelocitygradientsorcanbeseen.Theverticledottedoqlinestra“versingallthreepanelsindicatethemidpointsoftheinterfIaceasdeterminedbythehyperbolictangent tofthetetrahedralitypro les.From ttingthetetrahedralitypro lesforeachofthe0.5nanosecondsimulations(panelcofFiguresV1Vand2)byEq.62?,we ndtheinterfIacialwidthtobe3:20:2and3:20:2"AVforthecontrolsystemwithnoappliedmomentum uxforboththepIyramidalandsecondaryprismsystems.OverM3theM2rangeofshearratesin&vestigated,0:6wx0:2msm2K cmsy81!Y5:60:4msm21̹forM3thepIyramidal rsystem qand0:9oGoH0:3msm21
22 {!@5:40:1msm21 for qthe rsecondaryprism,Kwefoundnosigni cant0changeintheinterfIacialwidth.JThisfollo3wsourprevious ndingsofthebasalandprismaticܖsystems,inwhichtheinterfIacialwidthwasin&v3arientoftheshearrateoftheice.NTheinterfIacialwidthofthequiescentbasalandprismaticsystemswasfoundtobe3:2RRμ0:4"Aand3:6r 0:2f"fArespecti3vely8Y.%Overftherangeofshearratesin&vestigated,40:6r r0:3msm21!UR5:30:5msm21forthebasalsystemand0:90:2msm21!UR4:50:1msm21ɚfortheprismatic.TheseesultsindicatethatthesurfIacestructureoftheZexposedicecrystalhaslittletonoe ectonho3wfIarintotheb“ulktheice-likestructuralorderingis.Also,'itappearsthattheinterfaceisnotstructurallye ectedbyshearingtheicethroughwIaterW.*B. Orientationaldynamics#9Theorientationaltimecorrelationfunction,FEmC̽2(t)UR=hP̽2(9N cmbx12u(0)u(t))i;(1)helps5indicatethelocalen&vironmentaroundthewIatermolecules.XThefunctionbeginswithaninitialDv3alueDofunity8Y,UanddecaystozeroasthewIatermoleculelosesmemoryofitsformerorien-tation.Observingtherateatwhichthisdecayoccurscanprovideinsighttothemechanismandtimescalesfortherelaxation.clIneq.ck(1)aY,P̽2isthesecond-orderLegendrepolynomial,anduisthe9the8bisectingHOH3vectorW.TheanglebrackIetsindicateanensemblea“verageover9allthewIatermoleculesinagi3venspatialregion.5/pT
23 Boin&vestigatethedynamicsofthewIatermoleculesacrosstheinterfIace,thesystemsweredi-videdHinHthez-dimensionintobins,Zeach3"Awide,Zand(1)8wIascomputedforeachofthebins.AJwIaterہmoleculeۂwasallocatedہtoaparticularbinifitwIasinitiallyinthebinattimezero.JT
24 Bocompute (1),)each 0.5nssimulationwIas follo3wedbyanadditional200psmicrocanonical(NVE)simulationduringwhichthepositionandorientationsofeachmoleculewererecordede3very0.1ps.ThedataobtainedforeachbinwIasthen ttoatriexponentialdecaygi3venby Q$C̽2(t)URae 2cmmi8t=i?Aacmr6short%+be t=i?middle*+ce t=i?long"z+(1abc)(2)whereshor<rtcorrespondstothelibrationalmotionofthewIatermolecules,=middlKeƾcorrespondstojumps/hbetweenthebreaking/gandmakingofhydrogenbonds,;BandlKong=correspondstothetransla-tionalmotionofthewIatermolecules.5Thelasttermin(2)HaccountsforthewIatermoleculestrappedintheicewhichdonotexperienceanylong-timeorientationaldecay8Y.InPOFigures3and4PNweseethez-coordinatepro lesforthethreedecayconstants,dcshor<rth(panela),ێmiddlKe(panelrb),ۏandlKongH(panelc)forthepIyramidalandsecondaryprismaticsystemsrespec-ti3vely8Y.Thecontrolexperiments(noshear)aresho3wninblack,andanexperimentwithanimposedmomentumc uxissho3wninred.;yThedverticaldottedlinetra“versingallthreepanelsdenotesthemidpointHoftheHinterfIaceasdeterminedbythelocaltetrahedralorderparameter tting.]Intheliquid1regions1ofbothsystems,>bweseethatmiddlKen andlKong쾹ha“veapproximatelyconsistentv3aluesof36psand3040ps,eresepcti3vely8Y,fandincreaseinvalueasweapproachtheinterfIace.Con-versely8Y,;inpanela,:weseethat튿shor<rtdecreasesfromtheliquidv3alueof72fE76퉹fsasweapproachthe0@interfIace.IW
25 Be0Abelie3vethisspeedupisduetotheconstrainedmotionoflibrationsclosertotheinterfIace.Both!vthe!wapproximatev3aluesforthedecaysandrelati3vetrendsmatchthosereportedpre3viouslyforthebasalandprismaticinterfIaces.AsSdoneSpre3viously8Y,hweha“veattemptedtoquantifythedistance,hɿdpyI{r<ramidal+Kanddsecondar<ryI{prism=v,fromb^theb_interfIacethatthede3viationsfromtheb“ulkliquidv3aluesbegin.kThiswIasdoneby ttingtheorientationaldecayconstantz-pro lesby "vW(z)URlKiqI{uid+(solKidlKiqI{uidL)e (zVzi?;cmmi6w)Uall㹽)=d(3)wherelKiqI{uid`andsolKid۹aretheliquidandprojectedsolidv3aluesofthedecayconstants,zw7alKlisthelocationoftheinterfIace,"anddisthedisplacementfromtheinterfaceatwhichthesede3viationsoccurW. Thev3aluesfordpyI{r<ramidal,{ anddsecondar<ryI{prismaticPQ4weredeterminedforeachofthedecay6'/pconstants,Nand>thena“veragedfor>betterstatistics(middlKezwIasommittedforsecondaryprism).tForthe/pIyramidalsystem,YdpyI{r<ramidal*Kwasfoundtobe2.7"A0forboththecontrolandtheshearedsystem.W
26 Befounddsecondar<ryI{prismaticOvtobeslightlylarȹgerthandpyI{r<ramidal+forboththecontrolandwithanappliedyshear&,zwithdisplacementsyof4"Aforthecontrolsystemand3"Afortheexperimentwiththeimposed
27 momentum ux.\Thesev3alues
28 areconsistentwiththosefoundforthebasal(dbasal#i2:9"A)andprismatic(dpr<rismatic(UR3:5"A)systems.+kC. Coecientoffrictionoftheinterfaces#9WhileGin&vestigatingHthekineticcoecientoffrictionforthelarȹgerprismaticsystem,>therewIasufoundtobeadependencetfork onthetemperatureoftheliquidwaterintthesystem.W
29 Bebelie3veXthisXdependencearrisesfromthesharpdiscontinuityoftheviscosityfortheSPC/EXmodelattemperatures approaching
30 200K2?.Duetothis,oweproposeaweightingtothestructuralinterfIacialparameter&,N>ٹbytheviscosityat>ڼ225K,thetemperatureoftheinterfIace.tۿistraditionallyde nedasIUR=n9=(4)where" Cistheviscosity"
31 and=isthesliplength.pInourice/wIatershearingsimulations,*thesystemhasreachedasteadystatewhentheappliedforce,ѿfapplKied=URjzʮ(p)LxHLy(5)isequaltothefrictionalforceresistingthemotionoftheiceblockʻmffr<riction"ڼ=ōn9v0LxHLy[z'^
32 ΍(6)ʺwhere}v4}istherelati3ve|velocity}oftheliquidfromtheice.Whenthisconditionismet,weareabletosolvetheresultingexpressiontoobtain,ōvv[z:L
33 ΍InG=ōjzʮ(p)[z6
34 ΍ v(7)From(4),(7)becomesм׿UR=ōjzʮ(p)[z6
35 ΍ v(8)whichwewillmultiplybyaviscosityweightingtermtoreach
36 UR=ōjzʮ(p)[z6
37 ΍ vō }!n9(225) }![z ȟ
38 ΍n9(TƼ)(9)76*/pAssuminglinearresponsetheoryisv3alid,,anexpressionfor(n9)canbefoundfromtheimposedmomentum uxandthemeasuredvelocitygradient.!֍vË=ōjzʮ(p)[z6 dFu@xvx㷟z ȟꍑDr@xz(10)"Substitutingeq(10)intoeq(9)wearri3veat#?wUR=.Fu@xvxz ȟꍑDr@xzډz-.
39 ΍nvn9(225)(11)4|TRABLEI.valuesforthebasal,prismatic,pyramidal,andsecondaryprismaticfacetsoficeIhI@LffgƤ9jffq,gȮD<rragI{direction[jffjffmyInterfacehNzx-zy jffЉffgơjffybasalSr0:04n4!",
40 3
41 cmsy100:020:044n0:005jffjffyprismaticSr0:02n0:010:020n0:001jffjffҟypyramidalNx0:040n0:0020:041n0:003jffjffysecondaryprismNx0:024n0:0010:022n0:001jffЉffgƎZTT
42 Boۗobtaintheۘv3alueofn9(225)fortheSPC/Eێmodel,a31:09##ͼ29:38124:39ۗ"ۗAۘboxwith3744wIatermoleculeswasequilibratedto225K,and5uniqueshearingexperimentswereperformed.EachVexperimentVwIasconductedinthemicrocanonicalensemble(NVE)Vandwere5nsinlength.TheVSSwereattemptede3verytimestep,whichwIassetto2fs.QForourSPC/Esystems,wefoundn9(225)gtofbe0:0148VV0:0007Pas,roughlytentimeslarȹgerthanthev3aluefoundfor280KaSPC/EwIaterbyKuang2?."5TRABLEII.Solid-liquidfrictioncoecients(measuredinamufs-1).da
43 /Seeref.d=ߌ
44 3
45 ptmb7t?.T@w ff9jff~MDragdirection#}yjffjffgjyInterface|xy%>jffЉffjff!Sybasalaezm0:08n0:020:09n0:03yjffjffyprismatic(T=225)a`0:037n0:0080:04n0:01yjffjffyprismatic(T=230)ezm0:10n0:01E0:070n0:006jffjffПypyramidalezm0:13n0:030:14n0:03yjffjff
46 ysecondaryprismezm0:13n0:020:12n0:03yjffЉff8 A/qC"=PSfile="Pyr-orient.eps" llx=0 lly=0 urx=792 ury=612 rwi=4662 FIG.23.QThethree2decayconstantsoftheorientationaltimecorrelationfunction,Cz2(t),for2waterasafunction"<ofdistancefromthecenteroftheiceslab.MTheverticaldashedlineindicatestheedgeofthepyramidal5iceslab4determinedbythelocalordertetrahedralparametere.,7Thecontrol(blackcircles)andshearedē(redsquares)experimentswereĒ tbyashiftedexponentialdecay(Eq.|Q9?)Ēshownbytheblackandred$zlinesrespectivelyI.26Theuppertwopanelsshow$ythattranslationalandhydrogenbondmakingandbreakingevents+slowdownthroughtheinterfacewhileapproachingtheiceslab.Thebottommostpanelshowsthelibrationalmotionofthewatermoleculesspeedingupapproachingtheiceblockduetothecon nedregionofspaceallowedforthemoleculestomovein.?IVB.CONCLUSION3|Concludeconcludeconclude...9
47 M/_ۃ4APSfile="SP-orient-less.eps" llx=0 lly=0 urx=792 ury=612 rwi=4662 JFIG.4.dDecayconstantsforCz2(t)atthesecondaryprismface.Paneldescriptionsmatchthosein3.AWCKNOffWLEDGMENTS#9SupportόforύthisprojectwIasprovidedbytheNationalScienceFoundationundergrantCHE-1362211.qyComputational=timewIas=providedbytheCenterforResearchComputing(CRC)=attheUni3versityofNotreDame.10Q;Ó
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