| 384 |
|
\label{compWater} |
| 385 |
|
\end{figure} |
| 386 |
|
|
| 387 |
< |
We initially used the classic compressibility formula |
| 387 |
> |
The volume of a three-dimensional point cloud is not an obvious property to calculate. In order to calculate the isothermal compressibility we adapted the classic compressibility formula so that the compressibility could be calculated using information about the local density instead of the total volume of the convex hull. |
| 388 |
|
|
| 389 |
|
\begin{equation} |
| 390 |
|
\kappa_{T} = -\frac{1}{V} \left ( \frac{\partial V}{\partial P} \right )_{T} |
| 391 |
|
\end{equation} |
| 392 |
|
|
| 393 |
– |
to calculate the the isothermal compressibility at each target pressure. These calculations yielded compressibility values that were dramatically higher than both previous simulations and experiment. The particular compressibility expression used requires the calculation of both a volume and pressure differential, thereby stipulating that the data from at least two simulations at different pressures must be used to calculate the isothermal compressibility at one pressure. |
| 393 |
|
|
| 394 |
< |
Per the fluctuation dissipation theorem \cite{Debenedetti1986}, the hull volume fluctuation in any given simulation can be used to calculated the isothermal compressibility at that particular pressure |
| 394 |
> |
Assuming a uniform density, we can use the relationship $\rho = \frac{N}{V}$ to rewrite the isothermal compressibility formula as |
| 395 |
|
|
| 396 |
|
\begin{equation} |
| 397 |
< |
\kappa_{T} = \frac{\left \langle V^{2} \right \rangle - \left \langle V \right \rangle ^{2}}{V \, k_{B} \, T} |
| 397 |
> |
\kappa_{T} = \frac{1}{N} \left ( \frac{\partial N}{\partial P} \right )_{T} |
| 398 |
|
\end{equation} |
| 399 |
|
|
| 400 |
< |
Thus, the compressibility of each simulation run can be calculated entirely independently from all other trajectories. However, the resulting compressibilities were still as much as an order of magnitude larger than the reference values. The effect was particularly pronounced at the low end of the pressure range. At ambient temperature and low pressures, there exists an equilibrium between vapor and liquid phases. Vapor molecules are naturally more diffuse around the exterior of the cluster, causing artificially large cluster volumes. Any compressibility calculation that relies on the hull volume will suffer these effects. |
| 400 |
> |
Isothermal compressibility values calculated using this modified expression are in good agreement with the reference values throughout the 1 - 1000 atm pressure regime. Regardless of the difficulty in obtaining accurate hull volumes at low temperature and pressures, the Langevin Hull NPT method provides reasonable isothermal compressibility values for water through a large range of pressures. |
| 401 |
|
|
| 402 |
< |
In order to calculate the isothermal compressibility without being hindered by hull volume issues, we adapted the classic compressibility formula so that the compressibility could be calculated using information about the local density instead of the volume of the convex hull. We calculated the $g_{OO}(r)$ for a 1 nanosecond simulation of a cluster of 1372 SPC/E water molecules and spherically integrated the function over the bounds 0 to $r'$. In all cases, the value of $r'$ was 17.26216 $\AA$. The value of the total integral between these bounds is essentially the number (N) of molecules within volume $\frac{4}{3}\pi r'^{3}$ at a given pressure. To yield an actual molecule count, N must be scaled by an ideal density. However, even in the absence of an ideal density, we can use the relationship $\rho = \frac{N}{V}$ to rewrite the isothermal compressibility formula as |
| 402 |
> |
We initially used the classic compressibility formula to calculate the the isothermal compressibility at each target pressure. These calculations yielded compressibility values that were dramatically higher than both previous simulations and experiment. The particular compressibility expression used requires the calculation of both a volume and pressure differential, thereby stipulating that the data from at least two simulations at different pressures must be used to calculate the isothermal compressibility at one pressure. |
| 403 |
|
|
| 404 |
+ |
Per the fluctuation dissipation theorem \cite{Debenedetti1986}, the hull volume fluctuation in any given simulation can be used to calculated the isothermal compressibility at that particular pressure |
| 405 |
+ |
|
| 406 |
|
\begin{equation} |
| 407 |
< |
\kappa_{T} = \frac{1}{N} \left ( \frac{\partial N}{\partial P} \right )_{T} |
| 407 |
> |
\kappa_{T} = \frac{\left \langle V^{2} \right \rangle - \left \langle V \right \rangle ^{2}}{V \, k_{B} \, T} |
| 408 |
|
\end{equation} |
| 409 |
|
|
| 410 |
< |
Isothermal compressibility values calculated using this modified expression are in good agreement with the reference values throughout the 1 - 1000 atm pressure regime. Regardless of the difficulty in obtaining accurate hull volumes at low temperature and pressures, the Langevin Hull NPT method provides reasonable isothermal compressibility values for water through a large range of pressures. |
| 410 |
> |
Thus, the compressibility of each simulation run can be calculated entirely independently from all other trajectories. However, the resulting compressibilities were still as much as an order of magnitude larger than the reference values. The effect was particularly pronounced at the low end of the pressure range. At ambient temperature and low pressures, there exists an equilibrium between vapor and liquid phases. Vapor molecules are naturally more diffuse around the exterior of the cluster, causing artificially large cluster volumes. Any compressibility calculation that relies on the hull volume will suffer these effects. |
| 411 |
|
|
| 412 |
+ |
|
| 413 |
|
\subsection{Molecular orientation distribution at cluster boundary} |
| 414 |
|
|
| 415 |
|
In order for non-periodic boundary conditions to be widely applicable, they must be constructed in such a way that they allow a finite, usually small, simulated system to replicate the properties of an infinite bulk system. Naturally, this requirement has spawned many methods for inserting boundaries into simulated systems [REF... ?]. Of particular interest to our characterization of the Langevin Hull is the orientation of water molecules included in the geometric hull. Ideally, all molecules in the cluster will have the same orientational distribution as bulk water. |
