--- trunk/langevinHull/langevinHull.tex 2011/02/16 22:13:56 3722 +++ trunk/langevinHull/langevinHull.tex 2011/02/18 14:08:15 3723 @@ -496,7 +496,8 @@ different radii under the Langevin Hull at a variety o periodic-boundary simulations of the bulk crystal have yielded values of 175.53 GPa.\cite{QSC2} Using the same force field, we have performed a series of 1 ns simulations on gold nanoparticles of three -different radii under the Langevin Hull at a variety of applied +different radii: 20 \AA~ (1985 atoms), 30 \AA~ (6699 atoms), and 40 +\AA~ (15707 atoms) utilizing the Langevin Hull at a variety of applied pressures ranging from 0 -- 10 GPa. For the 40 \AA~ radius nanoparticle we obtain a value of 177.55 GPa for the bulk modulus of gold, in close agreement with both previous simulations and the @@ -614,21 +615,23 @@ compressibilities. We achieved the best results using effects of the empty space due to the vapor phase; for this reason, we recommend using the number density (Eq. \ref{eq:BMN}) or number density fluctuations (Eq. \ref{eq:BMNfluct}) for computing -compressibilities. We achieved the best results using a sampling -radius approximately 80\% of the cluster radius. This ratio of -sampling radius to cluster radius excludes the problematic vapor phase -on the outside of the cluster while including enough of the liquid -phase to avoid poor statistics due to fluctuating local densities. +compressibilities. We obtained the results in +Fig. \ref{fig:compWater} using a sampling radius that was +approximately 80\% of the mean distance between the center of mass of +the cluster and the hull atoms. This ratio of sampling radius to +average hull radius excludes the problematic vapor phase on the +outside of the cluster while including enough of the liquid phase to +avoid poor statistics due to fluctuating local densities. A comparison of the oxygen-oxygen radial distribution functions for -SPC/E water simulated using the Langevin Hull and bulk SPC/E using -periodic boundary conditions -- both at 1 atm and 300K -- reveals an -understructuring of water in the Langevin Hull that manifests as a -slight broadening of the solvation shells. This effect may be related -to the introduction of surface tension around the entire cluster, an -effect absent in bulk systems. As a result, molecules on the hull may -experience an increased inward force, slightly compressing the -solvation shell for these molecules. +SPC/E water simulated using both the Langevin Hull and more +traditional periodic boundary methods -- both at 1 atm and 300K -- +reveals an understructuring of water in the Langevin Hull that +manifests as a slight broadening of the solvation shells. This effect +may be due to the introduction of a liquid-vapor interface in the +Langevin Hull simulations (an interface which is missing in most +periodic simulations of bulk water). Vapor-phase molecules contribute +a small but nearly flat portion of the radial distribution function. \subsection{Molecular orientation distribution at cluster boundary} @@ -715,14 +718,14 @@ To further test the method, we simulated gold nanopart \subsection{Heterogeneous nanoparticle / water mixtures} To further test the method, we simulated gold nanoparticles ($r = 18$ -\AA) solvated by explicit SPC/E water clusters using a model for the -gold / water interactions that has been used by Dou {\it et. al.} for -investigating the separation of water films near hot metal -surfaces.\cite{ISI:000167766600035} The Langevin Hull was used to -sample pressures of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 atm, while all -simulations were done at a temperature of 300 K. At these -temperatures and pressures, there is no observed separation of the -water film from the surface. +\AA~, 1433 atoms) solvated by explicit SPC/E water clusters (5000 +molecules) using a model for the gold / water interactions that has +been used by Dou {\it et. al.} for investigating the separation of +water films near hot metal surfaces.\cite{ISI:000167766600035} The +Langevin Hull was used to sample pressures of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 +and 200 atm, while all simulations were done at a temperature of 300 +K. At these temperatures and pressures, there is no observed +separation of the water film from the surface. In Fig. \ref{fig:RhoR} we show the density of water and gold as a function of the distance from the center of the nanoparticle. Higher