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+%% Created for Charles Vardeman at 2007-10-04 14:17:46 -0400
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+%% Created for Charles Vardeman at 2007-10-11 14:52:41 -0400
+%% Saved with string encoding Western (ASCII)
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-+
-+
-+
+@article{Medasani:2007uq,
-+
+        Abstract = {We employ first-principles and empirical computational methods to study the surface energy and surface stress of silver nanoparticles. The structures, cohesive energies, and lattice contractions of spherical Ag nanoclusters in the size range 0.5-5.5 nm are analyzed using two different theoretical approaches: an ab initio density functional pseudopotential technique combined with the generalized gradient approximation and the embedded atom method. The surface energies and stresses obtained via the embedded atom method are found to be in good agreement with those predicted by the gradient-corrected ab initio density functional formalism. We estimate the surface energy of Ag nanoclusters to be in the range of 1.0-2.2 J/m(2). Our values are close to the bulk surface energy of silver, but are significantly lower than the recently reported value of 7.2 J/m(2) for free Ag nanoparticles derived from the Kelvin equation.},
-+
+        Author = {Medasani, Bharat and Park, Young Ho and Vasiliev, Igor},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-11 14:39:46 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-11 14:40:50 -0400},
-+
+        Doi = {ARTN 235436},
-+
+        Journal = {Physical Review B},
-+
+        Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/charles/Documents/Papers/PhysRevB_75_235436.pdf},
-+
+        Title = {Theoretical study of the surface energy, stress, and lattice contraction of silver nanoparticles},
-+
+        Volume = {75},
-+
+        Year = {2007}}
-+
-+
+@article{Wang:2005qy,
-+
+        Abstract = {The surface structures of cubo-octahedral Pt-Mo nanoparticles have been investigated using the Monte Carlo method and modified embedded atom method potentials that we developed for Pt-Mo alloys. The cubo-octahedral Pt-Mo nanoparticles are constructed with disordered fcc configurations, with sizes from 2.5 to 5.0 nm, and with Pt concentrations from 60 to 90 atom \%. The equilibrium Pt-Mo nanoparticle configurations were generated through Monte Carlo simulations allowing both atomic displacements and element exchanges at 600 K. We predict that the Pt atoms weakly segregate to the surfaces of such nanoparticles. The Pt concentrations in the surface are calculated to be 5-14 atom \% higher than the Pt concentrations of the nanoparticles. Moreover, the Pt atoms preferentially segregate to the facet sites of the surface, while the Pt and Mo atoms tend to alternate along the edges and vertexes of these nanoparticles. We found that decreasing the size or increasing the Pt concentration leads to higher Pt concentrations but fewer Pt-Mo pairs in the Pt-Mo nanoparticle surfaces.},
-+
+        Author = {Wang, GF and Van Hove, MA and Ross, PN and Baskes, MI},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-11 14:37:12 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-11 14:37:14 -0400},
-+
+        Doi = {DOI 10.1021/jp050116n},
-+
+        Journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry B},
-+
+        Pages = {11683-11692},
-+
+        Title = {Surface structures of cubo-octahedral Pt-Mo catalyst nanoparticles from Monte Carlo simulations},
-+
+        Volume = {109},
-+
+        Year = {2005}}
-+
-+
+@article{Chui:2003fk,
-+
+        Abstract = {Molecular dynamics simulations of a platinum nanocluster consisting 250 atoms were performed at different temperatures between 70 K and 298 K. The semi-empirical, many-body Sutton-Chen (SC) potential was used to model the interatomic interaction in the metallic system. Regions of core or bulk-like atoms and surface atoms can be defined from analyses of structures, atomic coordination, and the local density function of atoms as defined in the SC potential. The core atoms in the nanoparticle behave as bulk-like metal atoms with a predominant face centered cubic (fcc) packing. The interface between surface atoms and core atoms is marked by a peak in the local density function and corresponds to near surface atoms. The near surface atoms and surface atoms prefer a hexagonal closed packing (hcp). The temperature and size effects on structures of the nanoparticle and the dynamics of the surface region and the core region are discussed.},
-+
+        Author = {Chui, YH and Chan, KY},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-11 14:34:06 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-11 14:34:09 -0400},
-+
+        Doi = {DOI 10.1039/b302122j},
-+
+        Journal = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics},
-+
+        Pages = {2869-2874},
-+
+        Title = {Analyses of surface and core atoms in a platinum nanoparticle},
-+
+        Volume = {5},
-+
+        Year = {2003}}
-+
-+
+@article{Sankaranarayanan:2005lr,
-+
+        Abstract = {Bimetallic nanoclusters are of interest because of their utility in catalysis and sensors, The thermal characteristics of bimetallic Pt-Pd nanoclusters of different sizes and compositions were investigated through molecular dynamics simulations using quantum Sutton-Chen (QSC) many-body potentials, Monte Carlo simulations employing the bond order simulation model were used to generate minimum energy configurations, which were utilized as the starting point for molecular dynamics simulations. The calculated initial configurations of the Pt-Pd system consisted of surface segregated Pd atoms and a Pt-rich core, Melting characteristics were studied by following the changes in potential energy and heat capacity as functions of temperature, Structural changes accompanying the thermal evolution were studied by the bond order parameter method. The Pt-Pd clusters exhibited a two-stage melting: surface melting of the external Pd atoms followed by homogeneous melting of the Pt core. These transitions were found to depend on the composition and size of the nanocluster. Melting temperatures of the nanoclusters were found to be much lower than those of bulk Pt and Pd. Bulk melting temperatures of Pd and Pt simulated using periodic boundary conditions compare well with experimental values, thus providing justification for the use of QSC potentials in these simulations. Deformation parameters were calculated to characterize the structural evolution resulting from diffusion of Pd and Pt atoms, The results indicate that in Pd-Pt clusters, Pd atoms prefer to remain at the surface even after melting. In addition, Pt also tends to diffuse to the surface after melting due to reduction of its surface energy with temperature. This mixing pattern is different from those reported in some of the earlier Studies on melting of bimetallics.},
-+
+        Author = {Sankaranarayanan, SKRS and Bhethanabotla, VR and Joseph, B},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-11 14:32:02 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-11 14:32:04 -0400},
-+
+        Doi = {ARTN 195415},
-+
+        Journal = {Physical Review B},
-+
+        Title = {Molecular dynamics simulation study of the melting of Pd-Pt nanoclusters},
-+
+        Volume = {71},
-+
+        Year = {2005}}
-+
-+
+@article{Hu:2004lr,
-+
+        Author = {Hu, M. and Petrova, H. and Hartland, G. V.},
-+
+        Date = {JUN 21},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-11 13:34:04 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-11 13:34:04 -0400},
-+
+        Isi = {ISI:000222228000005},
-+
+        Issn = {0009-2614},
-+
+        Journal = {CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS},
-+
+        Month = {Jun},
-+
+        Number = {4-6},
-+
+        Pages = {220--225},
-+
+        Publication-Type = {J},
-+
+        Title = {Investigation of the properties of gold nanoparticles in aqueous solution at extremely high lattice temperatures},
-+
+        Volume = {391},
-+
+        Year = {2004}}
-+
-+
+@article{Mafune01,
-+
+        Author = {Mafune, F. and Kohno, J. and Takeda, Y. and Kondow, T.},
-+
+        Date = {SEP 27},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-11 13:29:38 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-11 13:29:38 -0400},
-+
+        Isi = {ISI:000171214200005},
-+
+        Issn = {1089-5647},
-+
+        Journal = {JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B},
-+
+        Month = {Sep},
-+
+        Number = {38},
-+
+        Pages = {9050--9056},
-+
+        Publication-Type = {J},
-+
+        Title = {Dissociation and aggregation of gold nanoparticles under laser irradiation},
-+
+        Volume = {105},
-+
+        Year = {2001}}
-+
-+
+@article{JACKSON:1991lr,
-+
+        Abstract = {The glass-transition temperatures, T(g), of organic liquids confined to small pores were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).  The T(g) was measured as a function of pore size in controlled pore glasses (CPG) having pore diameters in the range of 40-730 angstrom.  The surface of the glass was treated with hexamethyldisilazane to promote wetting by the organic liquids studied (o-terphenyl and benzyl alcohol).  Glasses formed in the pores had a lower T(g) than in the bulk and the reduction in T(g) increased as the pore size decreased.  For example, the depression of the glass transition temperature, DELTA-T(g), of benzyl alcohol in 40 angstrom and 85 angstrom pores was 7.2 K and 3.1 K, respectively.  The magnitude of DELTA-T(g) also depends on the material; e.g. for o-terphenyl in the 85 angstrom pores, DELTA-T(g) was 8.8 K versus 3.1 K for benzyl alcohol.  In general, it was noted that DELTA-T(g) was considerably less than for the depression of the crystalline melting point, DELTA-T(m), studied in related work.  For example, for benzyl alcohol in the 85 angstrom pores, DELTA-T(m) was approximately 25 K and DELTA-T(g) was approximately 3 K.},
-+
+        Author = {JACKSON, CL and MCKENNA, GB},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-10 15:15:02 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-10 15:15:05 -0400},
-+
+        Journal = {Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids},
-+
+        Pages = {221-224},
-+
+        Title = {THE GLASS-TRANSITION OF ORGANIC LIQUIDS CONFINED TO SMALL PORES},
-+
+        Volume = {131},
-+
+        Year = {1991}}
-+
-+
+@book{Massalski:1986rt,
-+
+        Address = {Metals Park, Ohio},
-+
+        Annote = {LDR    01406cam  2200349 a 4500
-+
+   3824145
-+
+   20041216124017.0
-+
+   860703s1986    ohua     b    001 0 eng
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+   $9(DLC)   86017350
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+   $a7$bcbc$corignew$d1$eocip$f19$gy-gencatlg
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+   $a   86017350
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+   $a0871702614 (set) :$c$499.50
-+
+   $a0871702622 (v. 1)
-+
+   $a0871702630 (v. 2)
-+
+   $aDLC$cDLC$dDLC
-+
+00 $aTN690$b.B528 1986
-+
+00 $a669/.94$219
-+
+00 $aBinary alloy phase diagrams /$ceditor-in-chief, Thaddeus B. Massalski ; editors, Joanne L. Murray, Lawrence H. Bennett, Hugh Baker.
-+
+   $aMetals Park, Ohio :$bAmerican Society for Metals,$cc1986.
-+
+   $a2 v. (xiii, 2224 p.) :$bill. ;$c29 cm.
-+
+   $a"Alloy phase diagram master grid" in pocket.
-+
+   $aBibliography: v. 1, p. xiii.
-+
+   $aIncludes indexes.
-+
+ 0 $aAlloys.
-+
+ 0 $aPhase diagrams.
-+
+ 0 $aBinary systems (Metallurgy)
-+
+1  $aMassalski, T. B.
-+
+1  $aMurray, Joanne L.
-+
+1  $aBennett, L. H.$q(Lawrence Herman),$d1930-
-+
+1  $aBaker, Hugh.
-+
+   $aLC's copy ("First printing, October 1986") has "American Society for Metals" on t.p., t.p. verso, and throughout text; "Metals Park, Ohio 44073" appears on t.p. ta01 12-16-2004
-+
+   $bc-GenColl$hTN690$i.B528 1986$p00029709671$tCopy 1$v2: Fe-Ru - Zn-Zr$wBOOKS
-+
+},
-+
+        Author = {Massalski, T. B and Murray, Joanne L and Bennett, L. H and Baker, Hugh},
-+
+        Call-Number = {TN690},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 19:12:42 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 19:13:18 -0400},
-+
+        Dewey-Call-Number = {669/.94},
-+
+        Genre = {Alloys},
-+
+        Isbn = {0871702614 (set)},
-+
+        Library-Id = {86017350},
-+
+        Publisher = {American Society for Metals},
-+
+        Title = {Binary alloy phase diagrams},
-+
+        Year = {1986}}
-+
-+
+@article{Ojovan:2006vn,
-+
+        Abstract = {The thermodynamic approach to the viscosity and fragility of amorphous oxides was used to determine the topological characteristics of the disordered network-forming systems. Instead of the disordered system of atoms we considered the congruent disordered system of interconnecting bonds. The Gibbs free energy of network-breaking defects (configurons) was found based on available viscosity data. Amorphous silica and germania were used as reference disordered systems for which we found an excellent agreement of calculated and measured glass transition temperatures. We reveal that the Hausdorff dimension of the system of bonds changes from Euclidian three-dimensional below to fractal 2.55 +/- 0.05-dimensional geometry above the glass transition temperature.},
-+
+        Author = {Ojovan, Michael I. and Lee, William E.},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 18:40:55 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 18:44:16 -0400},
-+
+        Doi = {DOI 10.1088/0953-8984/18/50/007},
-+
+        Journal = {Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter},
-+
+        Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/charles/Documents/Papers/cm6_50_007.pdf},
-+
+        Pages = {11507-11520},
-+
+        Title = {Topologically disordered systems at the glass transition},
-+
+        Volume = {18},
-+
+        Year = {2006}}
-+
-+
+@article{Jiang:1999yq,
-+
+        Abstract = {A simple and unified model, free of any adjustable parameters, is developed for the finite size effect on glass transition temperatures of polymers and organic particles. As the thickness of polymer thin films and the radius of organic particles decrease, their glass transition temperatures decrease. For polymers, this decrease is independent of their molecular weight, but dependent on the correlation length for intermolecular cooperative rearrangement and the presence of substrates. The model predictions are consistent with available experimental results on size dependence of the glass transition temperatures for free-standing polystyrene thin films, polystyrene films supported on passivated substrates and o-terphenyl and benzyl alcohol nanoparticles. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.},
-+
+        Author = {Jiang, Q and Shi, HX and Li, JC},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 18:33:30 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 18:33:32 -0400},
-+
+        Journal = {Thin Solid Films},
-+
+        Keywords = {glass; polymers; surface and interface states; surface thermodynamics},
-+
+        Pages = {283-286},
-+
+        Title = {Finite size effect on glass transition temperatures},
-+
+        Volume = {354},
-+
+        Year = {1999}}
-+
-+
+@misc{Alcoutlabi:2005kx,
-+
+        Abstract = {In this article, the effects of size and confinement at the nanometre size scale on both the melting temperature, T-m, and the glass transition temperature, T-g, are reviewed. Although there is an accepted thermodynamic model (the Gibbs-Thomson equation) for explaining the shift in the first-order transition, T-m, for confined materials, the depression of the melting point is still not fully understood and clearly requires further investigation. However, the main thrust of the work is a review of the field of confinement and size effects on the glass transition temperature. We present in detail the dynamic, thermodynamic and pseudo-thermodynamic measurements reported for the glass transition in confined geometries for both small molecules confined in nanopores and for ultrathin polymer films. We survey the observations that show that the glass transition temperature decreases, increases, remains the same or even disappears depending upon details of the experimental (or molecular simulation) conditions. Indeed, different behaviours have been observed for the same material depending on the experimental methods used. It seems that the existing theories of T-g are unable to explain the range of behaviours seen at the nanometre size scale, in part because the glass transition phenomenon itself is not fully understood. Importantly, here we conclude that the vast majority of the experiments have been carried out carefully and the results are reproducible. What is currently lacking appears to be an overall view, which accounts for the range of observations. The field seems to be experimentally and empirically driven rather than responding to major theoretical developments.},
-+
+        Author = {Alcoutlabi, M and McKenna, GB},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 18:31:39 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 18:49:43 -0400},
-+
+        Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/charles/Documents/Papers/cm5_15_R01.pdf},
-+
+        Note = {Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter},
-+
+        Pages = {R461-R524},
-+
+        Title = {Effects of confinement on material behaviour at the nanometre size scale},
-+
+        Volume = {17},
-+
+        Year = {2005}}
-+
-+
+@article{HUNT:1994fj,
-+
+        Abstract = {An expression for the activation energy of the viscosity in the percolative transport regime demonstrates its proportionality to the peak in a distribution of barrier heights as well as to the width of the distribution. Such an expression implies that a ''blocking'' (slower than average) rate is responsible for the macroscopic relaxation time. This concept has recently been shown to account for a large number off phenomena related to the glass transition. Here it is shown that the average of a glass transition temperature over a large number of very small systems must correspond to an average barrier height; consequently the average glass temperature is reduced by confinement in pores because the average barrier height is smaller than the ''blocking'' barrier.},
-+
+        Author = {HUNT, A},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 18:30:13 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 18:30:27 -0400},
-+
+        Journal = {Solid State Communications},
-+
+        Pages = {527-532},
-+
+        Title = {FINITE-SIZE EFFECTS ON THE GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE},
-+
+        Volume = {90},
-+
+        Year = {1994}}
-+
-+
+@misc{HUNT:1992uq,
-+
+        Abstract = {The relationship of the glass transition temperature T(g) to transport properties has been established. Simple arguments relating transport to distributions of barrier heights, barrier heights to random potential reliefs, and typical potential fluctuations to crystalline potentials allows the establishment of a relationship between T(g) and the melting temperature, T(m), by application of the Lindemann criterion for melting.},
-+
+        Author = {HUNT, A},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 18:19:48 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 18:20:00 -0400},
-+
+        Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/charles/Documents/Papers/cm923201.pdf},
-+
+        Note = {Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter},
-+
+        Pages = {L429-L431},
-+
+        Title = {A SIMPLE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE MELTING TEMPERATURE AND THE GLASS TEMPERATURE IN A KINETIC-THEORY OF THE GLASS-TRANSITION},
-+
+        Volume = {4},
-+
+        Year = {1992}}
-+
-+
+@article{Wang:2003fk,
-+
+        Abstract = {The Debye temperature and glass transition temperature of a variety of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) were determined by acoustic measurement and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. The relationship between the Debye temperature and glass transition temperature of these BMGs was analyzed, and their observed correlation was interpreted in terms of the characteristics of the glass transition in BMGs.},
-+
+        Author = {Wang, WH and Wen, P and Zhao, DQ and Pan, MX and Wang, RJ},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 18:12:41 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 18:15:53 -0400},
-+
+        Journal = {Journal of Materials Research},
-+
+        Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/charles/Documents/Papers/494770.pdf},
-+
+        Pages = {2747-2751},
-+
+        Title = {Relationship between glass transition temperature and Debye temperature in bulk metallic glasses},
-+
+        Volume = {18},
-+
+        Year = {2003}}
-+
-+
+@book{Mazurin:1993lr,
-+
+        Address = {Amsterdam},
-+
+        Annote = {LDR    01412cam  2200253 a 4500
-+
+   4714430
-+
+   19931007093932.9
-+
+   830610m19831993ne a     b    001 0 eng
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+   $9(DLC)   83011642
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+   $a7$bcbc$corignew$d1$eocip$f19$gy-gencatlg
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+   $a   83011642
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+   $a0444416897 (U.S. : set) :$cfl 350.00
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+   $aDLC$cDLC$dDLC$dOCoLC$dDLC
-+
+00 $aTP848$b.H36 1983
-+
+00 $a620.1/44/0212$219
-+
+00 $aHandbook of glass data.
-+
+   $aAmsterdam ;$aNew York :$bElsevier ;$aNew York, N.Y. :$bDistributors for the U.S. and Canada, Elsevier Science Pub. Co.,$c1983-1993.
-+
+   $a5 v. :$bill. ;$c26 cm.
-+
+ 0 $aPhysical sciences data ;$v15
-+
+   $aIncludes bibliographies and indexes.
-+
+1  $apt. A. Silica glass and binary silicate glasses / O.V. Mazurin, M.V. Streltsina, and T.P. Shvaiko-Shvaikovskaya -- pt. B. Single-component and binary non-silicate oxide glasses / O.V. Mazurin, M.V. Streltsina, and T.P. Shvaiko-Shvaikovskaya -- pt. C. Ternary silicate glasses / O.V. Mazurin, M.V. Streltsina, and T.P. Shvaiko-Shvaikovskaya -- pt. D. Ternary non-silicate glasses / O.V. Mazurin ... [et al.] -- pt. E. Single-component, binary, and ternary oxide glasses / O.V. Mazurin, M.V. Streltsina, and T.P. Shvaiko-Shvaikovskaysa.
-+
+ 0 $aGlass.
-+
+1  $aMazurin, Oleg Vsevolodovich.
-+
+   $bc-GenColl$hTP848$i.H36 1983$tCopy 1$wBOOKS
-+
+},
-+
+        Author = {Mazurin, Oleg Vsevolodovich},
-+
+        Call-Number = {TP848},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 18:02:00 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 18:02:10 -0400},
-+
+        Dewey-Call-Number = {620.1/44/0212},
-+
+        Genre = {Glass},
-+
+        Isbn = {0444416897 (U.S. : set)},
-+
+        Library-Id = {83011642},
-+
+        Publisher = {Elsevier},
-+
+        Title = {Handbook of glass data},
-+
+        Volume = {15},
-+
+        Year = {1993}}
-+
-+
+@article{Plech:2003yq,
-+
+        Abstract = {The lattice expansion and relaxation of noble-metal nanoparticles heated by intense femtosecond laser pulses are measured by pump-probe time-resolved X-ray scattering. Following the laser pulse, shape and angular shift of the (111) Bragg reflection from crystalline silver and gold particles with diameters from 20 to 100 nm are resolved stroboscopically using 100 ps X-ray pulses from a synchrotron. We observe a transient lattice expansion that corresponds to a laser-induced temperature rise of up to 200 K, and a subsequent lattice relaxation. The relaxation occurs within several hundred picoseconds for embedded silver particles, and several nanoseconds for supported free gold particles. The relaxation time shows a strong dependence on particle size. The relaxation rate appears to be limited by the thermal coupling of the particles to the matrix and substrate, respectively, rather than by bulk thermal diffusion. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction can resolve the internal strain state of the nanoparticles to separate non-thermal from thermal motion of the lattice.},
-+
+        Author = {Plech, A and Kurbitz, S and Berg, KJ and Graener, H and Berg, G and Gresillon, S and Kaempfe, M and Feldmann, J and Wulff, M and von Plessen, G},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 17:37:01 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 17:37:01 -0400},
-+
+        Journal = {Europhysics Letters},
-+
+        Pages = {762-768},
-+
+        Title = {Time-resolved X-ray diffraction on laser-excited metal nanoparticles},
-+
+        Volume = {61},
-+
+        Year = {2003}}
-+
-+
+@article{Plech:2004vn,
-+
+        Abstract = {Gold nanoparticles have been adsorbed as monolayers on silicon and glass substrates and the structure evolution following femtosecond laser excitation has been analyzed by means of time resolved X-ray scattering. The synchronization of the laser to the X-ray pulse structure emitted from a third generation synchrotron source allows to obtain a natural time resolution of 100 ps for the lattice kinetics. The prospects of using a picosecond X-ray streak camera are explored. The lattice kinetics are dominated by the fast heating of the particle lattice and nanosecond cooling times. However, the analysis of peak shapes reveals the presence of nonthermal motion within the lattice. Unexpectedly large relaxation times for the thermalization of vibrational modes are found and are attributed to the weak mechanical coupling to the substrate. Strong nonuniform strain develops within the domain of electron-phonon interaction time regime after the laser excitation as seen with the X-ray streak camera. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
-+
+        Author = {Plech, A and Gresillon, S and von Plessen, G and Scheidt, K and Naylor, G},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 17:37:01 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 17:37:01 -0400},
-+
+        Doi = {DOI 10.1016/j.chemphys.2003.10.041},
-+
+        Journal = {Chemical Physics},
-+
+        Keywords = {nanoparticles; picosecond time resolution; structure; femtosecond laser excitation; thermal kinetics},
-+
+        Pages = {183-191},
-+
+        Title = {Structural kinetics of laser-excited metal nanoparticles supported on a surface},
-+
+        Volume = {299},
-+
+        Year = {2004}}
-+
-+
+@article{Plech:2007rt,
-+
+        Abstract = {A thermal phase transition has been resolved in gold nanoparticles supported on a surface. By use of asynchronous optical sampling with coupled femtosecond oscillators, the Lamb vibrational modes could be resolved as a function of annealing temperature. At a temperature of 104 degrees C the damping rate and phase changes abruptly, indicating a structural transition in the particle, which is explained as the onset of surface melting.},
-+
+        Author = {Plech, Anton and Cerna, Roland and Kotaidis, Vassilios and Hudert, Florian and Bartels, Albrecht and Dekorsy, Thomas},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 17:37:01 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 17:40:03 -0400},
-+
+        Doi = {DOI 10.1021/nl070187t},
-+
+        Journal = {Nano Letters},
-+
+        Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/charles/Documents/Papers/nl070187t.pdf},
-+
+        Pages = {1026-1031},
-+
+        Title = {A surface phase transition of supported gold nanoparticles},
-+
+        Volume = {7},
-+
+        Year = {2007}}
-+
-+
+@article{Plech:2005kx,
-+
+        Abstract = {The transient structural response of laser excited gold nanoparticle sols has been recorded by pulsed X-ray scattering. Time resolved wide angle and small angle scattering (SAXS) record the changes in structure both of the nanoparticles and the water environment subsequent to femtosecond laser excitation. Within the first nanosecond after the excitation of the nanoparticles, the water phase shows a signature of compression, induced by a heat-induced evaporation of the water shell close to the heated nanoparticles. The particles themselves undergo a melting transition and are fragmented to Form new clusters in the nanometer range. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
-+
+        Author = {Plech, A and Kotaidis, V and Lorenc, M and Wulff, M},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 17:32:46 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 17:34:08 -0400},
-+
+        Doi = {DOI 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.11.072},
-+
+        Journal = {Chemical Physics Letters},
-+
+        Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/charles/Documents/Papers/sdarticle3.pdf},
-+
+        Pages = {565-569},
-+
+        Title = {Thermal dynamics in laser excited metal nanoparticles},
-+
+        Volume = {401},
-+
+        Year = {2005}}
-+
+@misc{Hartland:2006fj,
-+
+        Abstract = {Excitation of metal nanoparticles with subpicosecond laser pulses causes a rapid increase in the lattice temperature. which can impulsively excite the phonon modes of the particle that correlate with the expansion coordinates. The vibrational periods depend on the size. shape, and elastic constants of the particles. Thus, time-resolved spectroscopy can be used to examine the material properties of nanometer-sized objects. This review provides a brief overview of the steady-state and time-resolved electronic spectroscopy of metal particles, which is important for understanding why vibrational motion appears in transient absorption traces. I also describe how the vibrational modes observed in the experiments are assigned. and what information can be obtained from the measurements. Our work has been mainly concerned with noble metal particles (gold and silver) in aqueous solution. The different shapes that have been examined to date include spheres, rods, and triangles, all with different sizes.},
-+
+        Author = {Hartland, GV},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 17:21:42 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 17:24:13 -0400},
-+
+        Doi = {DOI 10.1146/annurev.physchem.57.032905.104533},
-+
+        Keywords = {metals; nanorods; phonon modes; time-resolved spectroscopy; elastic moduli; laser-induced heating},
-+
+        Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/charles/Documents/Papers/annurev.physchem.57.032905.104533.pdf},
-+
+        Note = {Annual Review of Physical Chemistry},
-+
+        Pages = {403-430},
-+
+        Title = {Coherent excitation of vibrational modes in metallic nanoparticles},
-+
+        Volume = {57},
-+
+        Year = {2006}}
-+
+@article{Wilson:2002uq,
-+
+        Abstract = {We investigate suspensions of 3-10 nm diameter Au, Pt, and AuPd nanoparticles as probes of thermal transport in fluids and determine approximate values for the thermal conductance G of the particle/fluid interfaces. Subpicosecond lambda=770 nm optical pulses from a Ti:sapphire mode-locked laser are used to heat the particles and interrogate the decay of their temperature through time-resolved changes in optical absorption. The thermal decay of alkanethiol-terminated Au nanoparticles in toluene is partially obscured by other effects; we set a lower limit G>20 MW m(-2)K(-1). The thermal decay of citrate-stabilized Pt nanoparticles in water gives Gapproximate to130 MW m(-2) K-1. AuPd alloy nanoparticles in toluene and stabilized by alkanethiol termination give Gapproximate to5 MW m(-2) K-1. The measured G are within a factor of 2 of theoretical estimates based on the diffuse-mismatch model.},
-+
+        Author = {Wilson, OM and Hu, XY and Cahill, DG and Braun, PV},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 17:17:36 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 17:18:45 -0400},
-+
+        Doi = {ARTN 224301},
-+
+        Journal = {Physical Review B},
-+
+        Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/charles/Documents/Papers/e2243010.pdf},
-+
+        Title = {Colloidal metal particles as probes of nanoscale thermal transport in fluids},
-+
+        Volume = {66},
-+
+        Year = {2002}}
-+
+@article{Dick:2002qy,
-+
+        Abstract = {We report on the size dependence of the melting temperature of silica-encapsulated gold nanoparticles. The melting point was determined using differential thermal analysis (DTA) coupled to thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The small gold particles, with sizes ranging from 1.5 to 20 nm, were synthesized using radiolytic and chemical reduction procedures and then coated with porous silica shells to isolate the particles from one another. The resulting silica-encapsulated gold particles show clear melting endotherms in the DTA scan with no accompanying weight loss of the material in the TGA examination. The silica shell acts as a nanocrucible for the melting gold with little effect on the melting temperature itself, even though the analytical procedure destroys the particles once they melt. Phenomenological thermodynamic predictions of the size dependence of the melting point of gold agree with the experimental observation. Implications of these observations to the self-diffusion coefficient of gold in the nanoparticles are discussed, especially as they relate to the spontaneous alloying of core-shell bimetallic particles.},
-+
+        Author = {Dick, K and Dhanasekaran, T and Zhang, ZY and Meisel, D},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 16:44:50 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 16:47:53 -0400},
-+
+        Doi = {DOI 10.1021/ja017281a},
-+
+        Journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
-+
+        Pages = {2312-2317},
-+
+        Title = {Size-dependent melting of silica-encapsulated gold nanoparticles},
-+
+        Volume = {124},
-+
+        Year = {2002}}
-+
-+
+@misc{West:2003fk,
-+
+        Abstract = {Advances in chemistry and physics are providing an expanding array of nanostructured materials with unique and powerful optical properties. These nanomaterials provide a new set of tools that are available to biomedical engineers, biologists, and medical scientists who seek new tools as biosensors and probes of biological fluids, cells, and tissue chemistry and function. Nanomaterials are also being used to develop optically controlled devices for applications such as modulated drug delivery as well as optical therapeutics. This review discusses applications that have been successfully demonstrated using nanomaterials including semiconductor nanocrystals, gold nanoparticles, gold nanoshells, and silver plasmon resonant particles.},
-+
+        Author = {West, JL and Halas, NJ},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 16:38:17 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 16:39:04 -0400},
-+
+        Doi = {DOI 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120723},
-+
+        Keywords = {nanotechnology; nanoparticle; optics; biosensor; quantum dot; gold colloid; plasmon resonant particle; nanoshell},
-+
+        Note = {Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering},
-+
+        Pages = {285-292},
-+
+        Title = {Engineered nanomaterials for biophotonics applications: Improving sensing, imaging, and therapeutics},
-+
+        Volume = {5},
-+
+        Year = {2003}}
-+
-+
+@misc{Hu:2006lr,
-+
+        Abstract = {The surface plasmon resonance peaks of gold nanostructures can be tuned from the visible to the near infrared region by controlling the shape and structure ( solid vs. hollow). In this tutorial review we highlight this concept by comparing four typical examples: nanospheres, nanorods, nanoshells, and nanocages. A combination of this optical tunability with the inertness of gold makes gold nanostructures well suited for various biomedical applications.},
-+
+        Author = {Hu, Min and Chen, Jingyi and Li, Zhi-Yuan and Au, Leslie and Hartland, Gregory V. and Li, Xingde and Marquez, Manuel and Xia, Younan},
-+
+        Date-Added = {2007-10-09 15:39:55 -0400},
-+
+        Date-Modified = {2007-10-09 15:43:59 -0400},
-+
+        Doi = {DOI 10.1039/b517615h},
-+
+        Local-Url = {file://localhost/Users/charles/Documents/Papers/b517615h.pdf},
-+
+        Note = {Chemical Society Reviews},
-+
+        Pages = {1084-1094},
-+
+        Title = {Gold nanostructures: engineering their plasmonic properties for biomedical applications},
-+
+        Volume = {35},
-+
+        Year = {2006}}
-+
+@article{Zhu:1997lr,
+        Abstract = {Experimental bulk mixing data on disordered bimetallics of Ni, Cu, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, and Au are used to parametrize the recently developed {$\backslash$}underline{\{}b{\}}ond {$\backslash$}underline{\{}o{\}}rder metal {$\backslash$}underline{\{}s{\}}imulator (BOS-mixing) model, including a full error analysis. This model characterizes the variation of metal-metal bond strength with number and type of atomic neighbors. The model is shown to accurately fit experimental mixing energy curves as a function of composition irrespective of whether the curves are symmetric or asymmetric around the 50{\%} value. As an illustration of the utility of the BOS-mixing model, we predict the microstructures of bimetallic clusters with 201 atoms (or 61{\%} dispersion) and a composition of 50{\%}-50{\%}. The examples demonstrate how differences in surface energy, mixing energy, and mixing entropy either compete or cooperate in determining the microstructure of small bimetallic clusters.},
+        Author = {Zhu, Ling and DePristo, Andrew E.},
+        Volume = {28},
+        Year = {1983}}
-–
+@book{Massalski:1986kl,
-–
+        Date-Added = {2006-09-22 14:05:43 -0400},
-–
+        Date-Modified = {2007-02-16 15:23:00 -0500},
-–
+        Editor = {T B Massalski},
-–
+        Publisher = {Materials Park, OH: American Society for Metals},
-–
+        Title = {Binary alloy phase diagrams},
-–
+        Volume = {1-3},
-–
+        Year = {1986}}
-–
+@article{Ascencio:2000qy,
+        Author = {Ascencio, Jorge A. and Perez, Mario and Jose-Yacaman, Miguel},
+        Date-Added = {2006-09-22 14:05:27 -0400},
+                <string>Cu-Ag-Au clusters-theory</string>
+                <key>keys</key>
+                <string>cheng:064117,rapallo:194308,Chushak:2001ry,Breaux:rz,luo:145502,ganesh-2006-,rossi:105503,Hu:2005lr,Chen:2004ec</string>
-+
+        </dict>
-+
+        <dict>
-+
+                <key>group name</key>
-+
+                <string>Glass-Melting Transition</string>
-+
+                <key>keys</key>
-+
+                <string>HUNT:1994fj,Wang:2003fk,Alcoutlabi:2005kx,JACKSON:1991lr,HUNT:1992uq,Jiang:1999yq,Ojovan:2006vn</string>
+        </dict>
+        <dict>
+                <key>group name</key>
-+
+                <string>Hartland Cites</string>
-+
+                <key>keys</key>
-+
+                <string>West:2003fk,Plech:2003yq,Plech:2007rt,Plech:2004vn,Wang:2003fk,Wilson:2002uq,Hodak:2000rb,Hu:2006lr,Dick:2002qy,Buffat:1976yq</string>
-+
+        </dict>
-+
+        <dict>
-+
+                <key>group name</key>
+                <string>Icosahedral Order</string>
+                <key>keys</key>
+                <string>PhysRevLett.60.2295,hsu:4974,HOARE:1976fk,19871127,Balucani:1990fk,ganesh-2006-,PhysRevLett.53.1951,19521106,Waal:1995lr,Steinhardt:1983mo,PhysRevLett.56.1168,PhysRevLett.91.135505,turnbull:411,luo:131927</string>

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Comparing trunk/nanoglass/nano.bib (file contents):
Revision 3245 by chuckv, Thu Oct 4 18:17:05 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 3256 by chuckv, Thu Oct 11 18:53:11 2007 UTC