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1 ÷ƒ’À;è TeX output 2006.12.29:1343‹ÿÿÿÿ ·€ ý/€ ²€ ýp€‘=_jóÂÖN ff cmbx12¼Spšs3onŒÌtaneous–ffCorrugation“of“Dip˜olar“MemŒÌbranesŽŸ!€’…•£óX«Q cmr12¹Xiuquan›ǤSun–Ç¥and“J.“Daniel˜GezelterŸû¥2ó¾KÈ cmsy8ÃŽŽ¤‘u5ó&›»ˆ@ cmti12ÑDep‘ÿffartment›³äof–³ãChemistry“and˜Bio‘ÿffchemistry,Ž¡’¢…jUniversity–Hœof“Notr‘ÿffe“Dame,Ž¡’žÐ Notr‘ÿffe–<pDame,‘¾¿Indiana“46556ޤÀ’¦äóKñ`y
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3 cmr10»(Dated:‘ÝÝDecem²!bMÞer–¦f29,“2006)ŽŽŸ€’Ï"nóX«Q ff cmr12ºAbstractŽ¡‘
4 ó5»W‘ÿee–š—presen²!t“a‘š˜simple“mošMÞdel“for“dip˜olar‘š˜elastic“memš²!branes“that“giv˜es‘š˜lattice-bšMÞound“p˜oin²!t“dip˜olesŽ¡complete–'Yorien²!tational›'Zfreedom“as˜w²!ell“as“translational˜freedom“along“one˜coMÞordinate“(out˜of“theŽ¡plane–3of“the–4memš²!brane).‘ÖvThere“is–3an“additional“harmonic“term‘4whic˜h“binds“eac˜h“of‘4the“dipMÞoles“toŽ¡the–èÄsix›èÃnearest“neigh²!bMÞors“on˜either“triangular“or˜distorted“lattices.‘ž§The“translational“freedom˜of“theŽ¡dipMÞoles–ޤalloš²!ws“triangular“lattices“to“ nd“states‘Ž£that“break“out“of“the“normal“orien˜tational“disorderŽ¡of–cfrustrated›bcon gurations“and“whic²!h˜are“stabilized“b²!y“long-range˜an²!ti-ferroMÞelectric“ordering.‘!ÓInŽ¡order–,úto“break“out“of“the“frustrated“states,‘Nžthe“dipMÞolar“mem²!branes“form“corrugated“or“\rippled"Ž¡phases–{that“makš²!e“the“lattices“e ectiv˜ely“non-triangular.‘ÏgW‘ÿee“observ˜e“three“common“features“of“theŽ¡corrugated–SüdipMÞolar“memš²!branes:‘´©1)“the“corrugated“phases“dev˜elop“easily‘Sýwhen“hosted“on“triangularŽ¡lattices,‘¡Š2)›oPthe‘oQw•²!a“v“e˜v“ectors˜for˜the˜surface˜ripples˜are˜alw“a“ys˜found‘oQto˜b•MÞe˜p“erp“endicular˜to˜theŽ¡dipMÞole›Màdirector–Máaxis,‘_”and“3)˜on˜triangular“lattices,‘_”the˜dipMÞole“director˜axis˜is“found˜to˜bMÞe“parallel˜toŽ¡anš²!y–¦fof“the“three“equiv‘ÿdDalen˜t“lattice“directions.ŽŸ $EóKñ`y
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6 cmr10²P‘ÿ*ªA•¸ãCS›UUn“um“bGers:‘qÇ68.03.Hj,˜82.20.WtŽ Ö™‚Ÿô4Ÿ‰ff$"Ÿ ËaŸü^ÿó O!â…cmsy7·Ž‘˜ä²E-mail:ó,ßê<x
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8 cmtt10×gezelter@nd.eduŽŽŽŽŸ’á0¹1ŽŽŒ‹* ·€ ý/€ ²€ ýp€ó-ò"V
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10 cmbx10ØI.Ž‘ÝŸINTR¦tODUCTIONŽŸ#9ó‘¹The–gpropšSŽerties“of“p˜olymeric“memš¬rbranes“are“kno˜wn“to“depSŽend“sensitiv˜ely“on“the“detailsޤof–Íthe‘ÍŽinš¬rternal“in˜teractions‘ÍŽbSŽet˜w˜een“the‘ÍŽconstituen˜t“monomers.‘á”A‘ÍT exible‘ÍŽmem˜brane“willŽ¡alw•¬ra“ys›¤¶ha“v“e˜a˜comp•SŽetition˜b“et•¬rw“een˜the˜energy˜of˜curv‘ÿXäature˜and˜the˜in-plane˜stretc“hingŽ¡energy–.Þand›.Ýwill“bSŽe˜able“to“buc¬rkle˜in“certain˜limits“of“surface˜tension“and˜tempSŽerature.[1Ž‘ßü]“TheŽ¡buc¬rkling–Âácan“bšSŽe“non-sp˜eci c“and“cen¬rtered“at“dislo˜cation“[2Ž‘ßü]“or“grain-b˜oundary“defects,[3Ž‘ßü]“orŽ¡it–ccan“bšSŽe“directional‘cand“cause“long“\ro˜of-tile"“or“tub˜e-lik¬re“structures‘cto“app˜ear“in“partially-Ž¡pSŽolymerized–ê¨phospholipid“v¬resicles.[4Ž‘ßü]Ž¡‘One–ë£w¬rould›ë¤expSŽect“that˜anisotropic“loSŽcal˜in¬rteractions“could˜lead“to˜in¬rteresting“propSŽertiesŽ¡of–çØthe‘çÙbucš¬rkled“mem˜brane.‘â›W‘ÿVe›çÙrepSŽort“here˜on“the˜bucš¬rkling“bSŽeha˜vior›çÙof“a˜mem¬rbrane“compSŽosedŽ¡of–Dnharmonically-bšSŽound,‘Zßbut“freely-rotating“electrostatic“dip˜oles.‘F1The“dip˜oles“ha•¬rv“e‘DnstronglyŽ¡anisotropic–TìloSŽcal›Tëin¬rteractions“and“the˜mem¬rbrane“exhibits˜coupling“bSŽet•¬rw“een‘Tìthe˜buc“kling‘TìandŽ¡the–ê¨long-range“ordering“of“the“dipSŽoles.Ž¡‘Buc•¬rkling›óDbSŽeha“vior–óCin˜liquid“crystalline˜and“biological˜mem¬rbranes“is˜a“w•¬rell-kno“wn˜phe-Ž¡nomenon.‘ ÀKRelativš¬rely–m!pure“phosphatidylc˜holine“(PC)‘l½bila˜y˜ers“form“a“corrugated“or“\rip-Ž¡pled"–Ÿ¤phase“(ó·ág£ cmmi12¿PŸÌÌó×2cmmi8À i>Ÿý¸äóq¡% cmsy6Ä0ŽŽ‘`¹)‘Ÿ£whicš¬rh“appSŽears“as“an“in˜termediate‘Ÿ£phase“bSŽet˜w˜een“the“gel‘Ÿ£(¿LŸÌÌÀ Ž‘®<¹)“and“ uidŽ¡(¿LŸÌÌÀ Ž‘õ—¹)–¹”phases.‘¥£The“¿PŸÌÌÀ i>Ÿý¸äÄ0ŽŽ‘ —¹phase“has“attracted“substanš¬rtial“expSŽerimen˜tal‘¹“in˜terest“o˜v˜er“the“pastŽ¡30–gˆy¬rears.‘¯‚Most“structural“information›g‰of“the“ripple˜phase“has˜bSŽeen“obtained“b¬ry˜the“X-ra¬ryŽ¡di raction–.)[5Ž‘ßü,‘SÝ6Ž‘ 3Ù]“and“freeze-fracture›.*electron“microscop¬ry˜(FFEM).“[7Ž‘ßü,‘SÜ8Ž‘ 3Ø]˜Recen¬rtly‘ÿV,‘SÜKaasgaardŽ¡Ñet‘^¸al.‘Æâ¹used–þatomic“force“microscopš¬ry“(AFM)‘òto“observ˜e‘ÿripple“phase“morphology“in“bila˜y˜ersŽ¡suppšSŽorted–·½on“mica.“[9Ž‘ßü]“The“exp˜erimenš¬rtal“results“pro˜vide“strong“suppSŽort“for“a“2-dimensionalŽ¡triangular–^pac¬rking“lattice“of“the‘]ÿlipid“molecules“within“the“ripple“phase.‘’çThis“is“a“notableŽ¡cš¬rhange–g¯from“the‘g®observ˜ed“lipid“pac˜king“within“the‘g®gel“phase.“[10Ž‘ ¿ø]“There“ha˜v˜e‘g®bSŽeen“a“n˜um˜bSŽerŽ¡of–štheoretical“approacš¬rhes‘š[11Ž– ¿ø{18Ž“]–š(and“some“heroic“sim˜ulations“[19Ž– ¿ø{23Ž“])‘šundertak˜en–što“tryŽ¡to–M<explain‘M=this“phase,›eâbut“to“date,˜none“ha•¬rv“e‘M=lošSŽok“ed–M<sp˜eci cally“at›M=the“con¬rtribution˜of“theŽ¡dipSŽolar–®(c¬rharacter›®'of“the˜lipid“head“groups˜to•¬rw“ards–®(this“corrugation.‘$µLipid˜cš¬rhain“in˜terdigita-Ž¡tion–ðcertainly“pla¬rys“a“ma‘§jor“role,‘òand“the“structures“of“the“ripple“phase“are“highly“ordered.Ž¡The–€†moSŽdel“wš¬re“in˜v˜estigate‘€‡here“lac˜ks“c˜hain“in˜terdigitation“(as“w˜ell‘€‡as“the“c˜hains“themselv˜es!)Ž¡and–nwill›mnot“bSŽe“detailed˜enough“to“rule˜in“fa•¬rv“or˜of–n(or“against)˜an¬ry“of“these˜explanations“forŽ¡the‘꨿PŸÌÌÀ i>Ÿý¸äÄ0ŽŽ‘ J«¹phase.Ž¡‘Mem•¬rbranes›ácon“taining˜electrostatic˜dip•SŽoles˜can˜also˜exhibit˜the˜ exo“electric˜e ect,[24Ž– ¿ø{26Ž“]ŽŽŸ’á02ŽŽŒ‹x ·€ ý/€ ²€ ýp€¹whicš¬rh–ħis“the‘Ĩabilit˜y“of“mec˜hanical“deformations›Ĩto“result“in“electrostatic˜organization“of“theޤmemš¬rbrane.‘
11 •This–_Èphenomenon“is‘_Éa“curv‘ÿXäature-induced“mem˜brane“pSŽolarization“whic˜h“can“leadŽ¡to–~ApSŽotenš¬rtial‘~@di erences“across“a“mem˜brane.‘½Rev˜erse“ exošSŽelectric“b˜ehaš¬rvior“(in‘~@whic˜h“appliedŽ¡currenš¬rts–Fe ect“mem˜brane“curv‘ÿXäature)“has“also“bSŽeen‘Gobserv˜ed.‘yºExplanations“of“the“detailsŽ¡of–Ž2these“e ects“ha•¬rv“e›Ž2t“ypically˜utilized˜mem“brane˜p•SŽolarization˜p“erp“endicular˜to˜the˜face˜ofŽ¡the–Ômem¬rbrane,[26Ž‘ ¿ø]›Óand“the˜e ect“has˜bSŽeen“observ¬red˜in“bSŽoth˜biological,[27Ž‘ ¿ø]“bSŽen¬rt-core˜liquidŽ¡crystalline,[25Ž› ¿ø]–ê¨and“p•SŽolymer-disp“ersed–ê¨liquid“crystalline“mem¬rbranes.[24Ž˜]Ž¡‘The–Ézproblem“with‘Éyusing“atomistic“and“evš¬ren“coarse-grained“approac˜hes‘Éyto“study“mem˜braneŽ¡bucš¬rkling–ECphenomena“is“that‘EBonly“a“relativ˜ely“small“n˜um˜bšSŽer“of“p˜erio˜ds‘EBof“the“corrugation“(i.e.Ž¡one› Öor‘ Õt•¬rw“o)˜can˜bSŽe‘ Õrealistically˜sim“ulated˜giv“en‘ Õcurren“t˜tec“hnology‘ÿV.‘ÛiAlso,‘nasim“ulations˜ofŽ¡lipid›s«bila•¬ry“ers–s¬are˜traditionally“carried˜out˜with“p•SŽerio“dic˜b“oundary˜conditions‘s¬in˜t•¬rw“o‘s¬or˜threeŽ¡dimensions–´çand“these“ha•¬rv“e‘´æthe›´çpSŽoten“tial˜to˜enhance˜the˜p•SŽerio“dicit¬ry˜of‘´æthe˜system˜at˜thatŽ¡w•¬ra“v“elength.‘åT‘ÿVo›Ta“v“oid˜this˜pitfall,‘?w“e˜are‘Uusing˜a˜moSŽdel˜whic“h˜allo“ws˜us‘Uto˜ha“v“e˜sucien“tlyŽ¡large–xsystems›xso“that“w¬re“are˜not“causing“arti cial˜corrugation“through“the“use˜of“p•SŽerio“dicŽ¡bSŽoundary‘ê¨conditions.Ž¡‘The–€¢simplest“dipSŽolar“memš¬rbrane“is“one“in“whic˜h“the“dipšSŽoles“are“lo˜cated“on“ xed“latticeŽ¡sites.‘ÿØF‘ÿVerroSŽelectric›?’states–?‘(with“long-range˜dipSŽolar“order)“can˜bSŽe“observ¬red“in˜dipSŽolar“systemsŽ¡with›#1non-triangular‘#0pac•¬rkings.‘âzHo“w“ev“er,‘1SÑtriangularly¹-pac“k“ed˜2-D‘#"dipSŽolar˜systems‘#0are˜inher-Ž¡enš¬rtly–ö{frustrated“and“one‘ö|w˜ould“expšSŽect“a“dip˜olar-disordered“phase“to“b˜e‘ö|the“lo•¬rw“est–ö{free“energyŽ¡con guration.[28Ž‘ ¿ø,‘V29Ž‘ ]›0ïDipSŽolar–0ðlattices“already“ha•¬rv“e‘0ðric“h˜phase›0ðbSŽeha“vior,‘Vbut˜in‘0ïorder˜to˜allo“wŽ¡the–~Ämemš¬rbrane‘~Åto“buc˜kle,‘£Ìa“single“degree›~Åof“freedom“(translation˜normal“to˜the“mem¬rbraneŽ¡face)– þmš¬rust“bSŽe“added‘ ýto“eac˜h“of“the“dipSŽoles.‘–áIt“w˜ould“also“bšSŽe“p˜ossible‘ ýto“allo¬rw“completeŽ¡translational–freedom.‘ˆThis“approacš¬rh“is“similar‘in“c˜haracter“to“a“n˜um˜bSŽer‘of“elastic“IsingŽ¡moSŽdels›^Çthat‘^Æha•¬rv“e˜bSŽeen˜dev“elopSŽed˜to‘^Æexplain˜in“teresting˜mec“hanical˜propSŽerties‘^Æin˜magneticŽ¡allo¬rys.[30Ž– ¿ø{33Ž“]Ž¡‘What›pçw•¬re‘pæpresen“t˜here–pæis˜an˜attempt“to˜ nd“the˜simplest˜dipšSŽolar“mo˜del›pçwhic¬rh“will˜exhibitŽ¡buc•¬rkling›ÂbSŽeha“vior.‘¾ôW‘ÿVe˜are‘Âusing˜a˜mo•SŽdi ed˜XYZ‘ÁÍlattice˜mo“del;‘-±details˜of˜the˜mo“del˜canŽ¡bšSŽe–ÐDfound“in“section“I˜I,‘ÕŒresults“of“Monš¬rte“Carlo“sim˜ulations“using‘ÐEthis“moSŽdel“are“presen˜ted“inŽ¡section›ê¨I•SŽI“I,˜and˜section˜IV˜con¬rtains˜our˜conclusions.ŽŽŸ’á03ŽŽŒ‹| ·€ ý/€ ²€ ýp€ØIY‹I.Ž‘ýª2-D–2DIPOLAR“MEMBRANEŽŸ#9ó‘¹The–ÖpSŽoinš¬rt“of“dev˜eloping“this“moSŽdel“w˜as“to“arriv˜e“at“the“simplest“pšSŽossible“theoretical“mo˜delޤwhicš¬rh‘ŒÎcould–ŒÍexhibit“spSŽon˜taneous–ŒÎcorrugation“of‘ŒÍa“t˜w˜o-dimensional‘ŒÍdipSŽolar“medium.‘PSinceŽ¡molecules–ÞHin›ÞIpSŽolymerized“mem¬rbranes“and˜in“the“¿PŸÌÌÀ i>Ÿý¸äÄ0ŽŽ‘ >L¹ripple“phase“ha•¬rv“e˜limited‘ÞHtranslationalŽ¡freedom,‘Îw•¬re‘.ha“v“e›-c“hosen˜a˜lattice˜to˜supp•SŽort˜the‘.dip“oles˜in˜the˜x-y˜plane.‘¸pThe˜lattice˜ma¬ryŽ¡bSŽe–M@either“triangular›M?(lattice“constan¬rts“¿a=b‘ý#¹=‘ý$ŸöÇó!",š
12 cmsy10ÂpŽ‘ ý&ŸöljzàßüŸ í9¹3ŽŽŽ‘Ý")˜or“distorted.‘`¨Ho•¬rw“ev“er,‘eæeac“h˜dipSŽole–M@has“3Ž¡degrees›ÃÄof–ÃÃfreedom.‘+êThey“ma•¬ry˜mo“v“e˜freely˜Ñout–Ãùof˜the˜x-y“plane˜(along˜the˜¿z‘L¦¹axis),‘Ë‹and˜theyŽ¡ha•¬rv“e–˜Ècomplete“orien¬rtational‘˜Çfreedom“(0–}´¿<¹=›}³¿‘ÑA<¹=“¿n9¹,‘ÄP0˜¿<¹=˜¿“<˜¹2¿n9¹).‘C@This‘˜Çis–˜Èessen¬rtially“aŽ¡mošSŽdi ed–ê¨X-Y-Z“mo˜del“with“translational“freedom“along“the“z-axis.Ž¡‘The–ê¨pSŽoten¬rtial“energy“of“the“system,ŽŸ$9Ì‘c¯M¿V‘ñ¹=‘URŸô™–óú±u
13 cmex10ÅXŽŽŸ ㇑
14 ‘ÀiŽŽŽŽ’šHÖŸëzÕÅ Ž’£ÈØŸô™–XŽŽŸ ㇒¥¿ÖÀjv>iŽŽŸ÷áÅ’À™êÂj¿ÂjŸû¥2ó|{Ycmr8½2ŽŽ’¸QaŸ[«‰zà# …Ÿ
15 ýι4¿n9ŸÌ̽0Ž‘À¿rŸûÝßS޽3ŽŸ5hÀijŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Þ’¹[Ž’â5£ó.ÂÖN  cmbx12Ù^Ž’áÕ£uŸÌÌÀiŽŽŽ’ïe%‘
16 ¨Ù^Ž‘ª¨uŸÌÌÀjŽŽŽ‘;Z–ª¨¹3(`Ù^ŽuŸÌÌÀiŽŽŽ‘ ‚‘ pÙ^Ž“rŸÌÌÀijŽŽŽ›y¹)(`Ù^ŽuŸÌÌÀjŽŽŽ‘²Â‘ pÙ^Ž“rŸÌÌÀijŽŽŽ˜¹)]ŽŽŽŽŽŽŸ)ÿý’›| +Ÿðÿü‘ jŽ6ŽŸ‘àŸô™–ÅXŽŽŸ‘ÿþÀjvÃ2ÀN‘Ú"NŸ8:ó;Îcmmi6ÁiŽŽŽŸ÷áÅ‘ HÁ¿kŸÌÌÀrŽŽ‘ HÁŸ[«‰zà
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18 ýΑgj¹2ŽŽŽŽ‘.*Â(Ž‘2¼†¿rŸÌÌÀijŽ‘ õŒÂ‘ª¨¿n9¹)ŽŽ‘Y«EŸú*«½2Ž‘^kIŸëzÕÅ!ŽŽŽŽ’»Øô¹(2.1)ŽŽŽŸ& D‘In–üthis“pSŽotenš¬rtial,‘ lÙ^Ž‘@luŸÌÌÀiŽŽŽ‘!W¹is“the‘üunit“v˜ector“pSŽoin˜ting“along“dipSŽole›ü¿i“¹and‘]ÙÙ^Ž“rŸÌÌÀijŽŽŽ‘Æ•¹is˜the“unit“v¬rec-Ž¡tor–\ÎpSŽoinš¬rting“along‘\Íthe“in˜ter-dipSŽole“v˜ector“ÙrŸÌÌÀijŽ‘Jä¹.‘ QThe“en˜tire“pSŽoten˜tial“is‘\Ígo˜v˜erned“b˜y“threeŽ¡parameters,›<the–nQdipSŽolar“strength“(¿¹),˜the“harmonic“spring“constan¬rt“(¿kŸÌÌÀrŽ‘’b¹)‘nRand“the“preferredŽ¡inš¬rtermolecular–±spacing‘±(¿n9¹).‘%¨In“practice,‘¼‰w˜e›±set“the“v‘ÿXäalue˜of“¿‘:¹to“the˜a•¬rv“erage‘±in“ter-molecularŽ¡spacing–‹…from“the›‹†planar“lattice,‘žŒyielding“a“p•SŽoten¬rtial˜mo“del–‹…that“has“only˜t•¬rw“o–‹…parameters“forŽ¡a–χparticular“cš¬rhoice“of“lattice“constan˜ts“¿a“¹(along“the“¿x¹-axis)“and“¿b“¹(along“the“¿yn9¹-axis).‘ç}W‘ÿVeŽ¡also–õde ne›õa“set“of“reduced˜parameters“based“on˜the“length“scale˜(¿n9¹)“and“the“energy˜of“theŽ¡harmonic–MwpSŽotenš¬rtial“at“a“deformation“of“2“¿‘»°¹(¿–UR¹=“¿kŸÌÌÀrŽ‘’b¿n9Ÿû¥2½2Ž‘.=¿=¹2).‘{Using–Mwthese“t˜w˜o“constan˜ts,‘lçw˜e“pSŽer-Ž¡form–‹Uour“calculations“using“reduced‘‹Vdistances,‘že(¿rSŽŸû¥2ÃŽ‘hä¹=›UR¿r•SŽ=n9¹),‘žftemp“eratures‘‹U(¿T‘¡ÆŸû¥2ÃŽ‘ ·¹=˜2¿kŸÌÌÀBŽ‘N>¿T‘N8=kŸÌÌÀrŽ‘’b¿n9Ÿû¥2½2Ž‘.=¹),Ž¡densities–:(¿Ÿû¥2ÃŽ›V¹=‘UR¿N‘@än9Ÿû¥2½2Ž‘.=¿=LŸÌÌÀxŽ‘Hç¿LŸÌÌÀyŽ‘ý ¹),‘?and“dipSŽole“momen¬rts“(¿Ÿû¥2ÃŽ˜¹=‘UR¿=Ÿõ½lÅpŽ‘ Ÿõ½l‰zà8ÁÇŸ
19 B”¹4¿•n9ŸÌ̽0Ž‘À¿“Ÿüˆ‰½5Ž‘.=¿kŸÌÌÀrŽ‘’b¿=¹2ŽŽŽ‘DÁÉ).‘ñfIt“should“bSŽe“notedŽ¡that–Ìthe“densit¬ry“(¿Ÿû¥2ÃŽ‘À¹)“depSŽends“only‘Íon“the“mean“particle“spacing“in“the“¿x‘×4‘×3¿y‘t¹plane;‘Rthe“latticeŽ¡is–ê¨fully“pSŽopulated.Ž¡‘T‘ÿVo›Qºin•¬rv“estigate˜the‘Q»phase˜bSŽeha“vior˜of˜this‘Q»moSŽdel,‘pPw“e˜ha“v“e˜p•SŽerformed˜a‘Q»series˜of˜Metrop“olisŽ¡Monš¬rte–i—Carlo“sim˜ulations‘i˜of“moSŽderately-sized“(34.3“¿‘×ѹon“a“side)“patc˜hes‘i˜of“mem˜brane“hostedŽ¡on–bSŽoth›žtriangular“(¿ ‘ùú¹=–RÞ¿a=b‘Rݹ=“ŸöÇÂpŽ‘RàŸöljzàßüŸ í9¹3ŽŽŽ‘2Ü)˜and–distorted“(¿ ‘ùúÂ6¹=‘RÞŸöÇÂpŽ‘RàŸöljzàßüŸ í9¹3ŽŽŽ‘2Ü)“lattices.‘÷ÁThe“linear˜exten¬rt“ofŽ¡one–`edge›`‘of“the“monola•¬ry“er‘`w“as˜20¿a–`¹and“the˜system“wš¬ras“k˜ept‘`‘roughly“square.‘š™The“a˜v˜erageŽ¡distance–cûthat›cúcoplanar“dipSŽoles˜w¬rere“pSŽositioned˜from“their˜six“nearest˜neighš¬rbSŽors“w˜as‘cú1“¿ŽŽŸ’á0¹4ŽŽŒ‹#/ ·€ ý/€ ²€ ýp€¹(on–LbSŽoth“triangular‘Land“distorted“lattices).‘]Tš¬rypical“system“sizes“w˜ere“1360‘LdipSŽoles“for“theޤtriangular–~8lattices“and“840-2800‘~9dipšSŽoles“for“the“distorted“lattices.‘»Tw¬ro-dimensional“p˜erio˜dicŽ¡bSŽoundary–uðconditions›uñw¬rere“used,‘˜Âand˜the“cuto “for“the˜dip•SŽole-dip“ole–uðinš¬rteraction“w˜as‘uñset“toŽ¡4.3–†¿n9¹.‘ô*This›‡cuto “is˜roughly“2.5“times˜the“t¬rypical“real-space˜electrostatic“cuto ˜for“molecularŽ¡systems.‘>Since›IÄdip•SŽole-dip“ole‘IÃin•¬rteractions˜deca“y–IÃrapidly“with˜distance,‘iñand“since˜the“in¬rtrinsicŽ¡three-dimensional›vœp•SŽerio“dicit•¬ry˜of˜the˜Ew“ald˜sum˜can˜giv“e˜artifacts˜in˜2-d˜systems,‘™™w“e˜ha“v“eŽ¡c¬rhosen–*fnot›*gto“use˜it“in“these˜calculations.‘øAlthough“the˜Ew¬rald“sum“has˜bSŽeen“reform¬rulatedŽ¡to›`éhandle‘`è2-D‘`Æsystems,[34Ž– ¿ø{38Ž“]˜these–`èmethoSŽds˜are˜computationally“expSŽensiv¬re,[39Ž‘ ¿ø,‘|v40Ž‘<n]“and˜areŽ¡not–ønecessary›ùin“this“case.‘{ÑAll“parameters˜(¿T‘¡ÆŸû¥2ÃŽ‘aʹ,–FŒ¿Ÿû¥2ÃŽ‘À¹,“and˜¿ ‘§¹)–øw¬rere“v‘ÿXäaried˜systematically“toŽ¡study–ê¨the“e ects“of“these“parameters“on“the“formation“of“ripple-lik¬re“phases.ŽŸ,ƒ%ØI•Y‹I“I.Ž‘µRESUL›þó\TS–2AND“ANAL˜YSISŽŸ#ùó‘A.‘ —©DipšY‹olar–2Ordering“and“Co˜existence“T‘þó\emp˜eraturesŽŸ#9ó‘¹The–Ncprincipal›NbmethoSŽd“for˜observing“the˜orien¬rtational“ordering˜transition“in˜dipSŽolar“sys-Ž¡tems–ë
20 is›ë the“¿PŸÌ̽2Ž‘«¹order“parameter˜(de ned“as“1¿:¹5‘ªë‘ªê¿ŸÌÌÀmaxŽ‘Qz¹,‘ë"where“¿ŸÌÌÀmaxŽ‘<„¹is“the˜largest“eigen¬rv‘ÿXäalueŽ¡of–ê¨the“matrix,ŽŸ&»Ï‘tfÃó1‚ÎR6 cmss12ÜS‘UR¹=Ÿ÷áÅ‘íR1Ž‘ˆ…Ÿ[«‰zà
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22 ýοNŽŽŽŽ‘eLŸô™–ÅXŽŽŸ ㇑‹ÀiŽŽŸÝe‘%º¢Å0ŽŸÇ‘%º¢Bޤ38‘%º¢BŽ¡‘%º¢BŽŸ®‘%º¢@ŽŽŸì3/‘3:¤¿uŸû¥2ÀxŽŸRAiŽŽ‘Hç¿uŸû¥2ÀxŽŸRAiŽŽ‘óŸûFu‘ÝÛ½1Ž‘ÝÛŸöû‰zà@Ÿåê3ŽŽŽŽŽ‘q¿uŸû¥2ÀxŽŸRAiŽŽ‘Hç¿uŸúO¦ÀyŽŸáiŽŽŽ’£’¿uŸû¥2ÀxŽŸRAiŽŽ‘Hç¿uŸû¥2ÀzŽŸRAiŽŽŽŽ¡‘> ¿uŸúO¦ÀyŽŸáiŽŽ‘ý ¿uŸû¥2ÀxŽŸRAiŽŽŽ‘f}y¿uŸúO¦ÀyŽŸáiŽŽ‘ý ¿uŸúO¦ÀyŽŸáiŽŽ‘§µÂŸûFu‘ÝÛ½1Ž‘ÝÛŸöû‰zà@Ÿåê3ŽŽŽŽŽ’£·ó¿uŸúO¦ÀyŽŸáiŽŽ‘ý ¿uŸû¥2ÀzŽŸRAiŽŽŽŽ¡‘>"I¿uŸû¥2ÀzŽŸRAiŽŽ‘Ê®¿uŸû¥2ÀxŽŸRAiŽŽŽ‘q?1¿uŸû¥2ÀzŽŸRAiŽŽ‘Ê®¿uŸúO¦ÀyŽŸáiŽŽŽ’™(š¿uŸû¥2ÀzŽŸRAiŽŽ‘Ê®¿uŸû¥2ÀzŽŸRAiŽŽ‘uVŸûFu‘ÝÛ½1Ž‘ÝÛŸöû‰zà@Ÿåê3ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŸÝe’ÈnýÅ1ŽŸÇ’ÈnýCޤ38’ÈnýCŽ¡’ÈnýCŽŸ®’ÈnýAŽŽŽ’Ôîý¿:Ž’»Øô¹(3.2)ŽŽŽŸ-;ÏHere–·œ¿uŸû¥2À ŽŸRAiŽŽ‘
23 ­3¹is“the“¿ ‘ż¹=‘²-¿x;–ÿþyn9;“z‘@¹compSŽonenš¬rt–·œof“the“unit“v˜ector“for“dipšSŽole‘·¿i¹.‘Ÿ¼¿PŸÌ̽2Ž‘ w ¹will“b˜e“1¿:¹0“for“aŽ¡pSŽerfectly-ordered–²Xsystem›²Wand“near“0˜for“a“randomized˜system.‘ÐÅNote“that“this˜order“parameterŽ¡is–!Ñnot“¹equal“to›!the“pSŽolarization“of“the“system.‘Ü3F‘ÿVor˜example,‘.¶the˜pšSŽolarization“of“the“p˜erfectŽ¡an¬rti-ferroSŽelectric–‘#system›‘$is“0,‘£ but“¿PŸÌ̽2Ž‘Q(¹for“an˜an¬rti-ferroSŽelectric“system˜is“1.‘ The˜eigen•¬rv“ector‘‘#ofŽ¡ÜS–ÒO¹correspSŽonding“to“the“largest‘ÒNeigenš¬rv‘ÿXäalue“is“familiar“as“the“director“axis,‘×-whic˜h“can“bSŽe“usedŽ¡to–Eœdetermine›E›a“privileged“dipSŽolar“axis˜for“dipSŽole-ordered“systems.‘I»The“top˜panel“in“Fig.‘I»1Ž¡sho¬rws–åhthe“v‘ÿXäalues“of“¿PŸÌ̽2Ž‘ ¥m¹as“a“function“of“tempšSŽerature“for“b˜oth“triangular‘åi(¿ ‘§<¹=‘!1¿:¹732)“andŽ¡distorted–ê¨(¿ ‘ün¹=‘UR1¿:¹875)“lattices.Ž¡‘There–¤qis“a“clear“order-disorder‘¤ptransition“in“evidence“from“this“data.‘!xBoth“the“triangularŽ¡and–ÇŒdistorted›Çlattices“ha•¬rv“e‘ÇŒdipSŽolar-ordered˜lo“w-tempSŽerature–ÇŒphases,‘>Æand“orien¬rtationally-Ž¡disordered–¦Ohigh‘¦NtempšSŽerature“phases.‘ÌÂThe“co˜existence‘¦Ntemp˜erature“for›¦Nthe“triangular˜lattice“isŽŽŸ’á05ŽŽŒ‹3ê ·€ ý/€ ²€ŸáqÀŸšÞïïBPSfile="EX10099_fig1.eps" llx=104 lly=33 urx=488 ury=471 rwi=4662 ŽŽŸÀ»FIG.›²'1:–c¾T‘ÿeop‘²(panel:“The˜ó4  b>
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25 cmmi10ßPŸ¤z½2Ž‘r,»dipMÞolar˜order˜parameter–²(as˜a˜function“of˜tempMÞerature˜for“bMÞoth˜triangularޤÀ(ß ›Þg»=‘B¬1ß:»732)–Èand‘Èdistorted“(ß ˜»=‘B¬1ß:»875)“lattices.‘B³Bottom“P²!anel:‘!The“phase“diagram“for‘Èthe“dipMÞolarŽ¡mem²!brane–o:mošMÞdel.‘8YThe“line“denotes“the“division“b˜et•²!w“een–o:the“dip˜olar“ordered“(an²!ti-ferro˜electric)Ž¡and–¦fdisordered“phases.‘ÝÝAn“enlarged“view“near“the“triangular“lattice“is“sho²!wn“inset.ŽŽŽŸ’á0¹6ŽŽŒ‹BÑ ·€ ý/€ ²€ ýp€¹signi can•¬rtly›V“lo“w“er˜than–V”for˜the˜distorted˜lattices,‘t1and˜the˜bulk“pSŽolarization˜is˜appro¬rximatelyޤ0–ú‘for‘úbšSŽoth“dip˜olar“ordered“and›údisordered“phases.‘èØThis“giv¬res“strong“evidence˜that“the“dipSŽolarŽ¡ordered–%¾phase“is‘%½anš¬rti-ferroSŽelectric.‘ê"W‘ÿVe“ha˜v˜e‘%½v˜eri ed“that“this“dipSŽolar‘%½ordering“transition“isŽ¡not–G“a›G”function“of˜system“size“b¬ry˜pSŽerforming“iden¬rtical“calculations˜with“systems˜t¬rwice“asŽ¡large.‘•ÅThe– Ÿtransition› žis“equally“smoSŽoth“at“all“system“sizes“that˜w¬rere“studied.‘•ÅAdditionally‘ÿV,Ž¡w•¬re›&ha“v“e˜repSŽeated‘&the˜Mon“te˜Carlo˜sim“ulations˜o“v“er–&a˜wide˜range˜of˜lattice“ratios˜(¿ ‘§¹)˜toŽ¡generate–w1a›w2dipSŽolar“order/disorder˜phase“diagram.‘Þ}The“bSŽottom˜panel“in˜Fig.‘Þ|1˜sho¬rws“thatŽ¡the–ê¨triangular“lattice“is“a“lo¬rw-tempSŽerature“cusp“in“the“¿T‘¡ÆŸû¥2ÃŽ‘ r‘ª¨¿ ‘‘Ĺphase“diagram.Ž¡‘This–…6phase›…5diagram“is˜remark‘ÿXäable“in˜that“it˜sho¬rws“an˜an¬rti-ferroSŽelectric“phase˜nearŽ¡¿ ‘z¹=‘m]1¿:¹732›»ýwhere–»üone“w¬rould“expSŽect“lattice˜frustration“to“result“in˜disordered“phases“atŽ¡all–5ÑtempSŽeratures.‘ YObserv‘ÿXäations“of›5Ðthe“con gurations“in˜this“phase˜sho¬rw“clearly˜that“theŽ¡system–/nhas›/maccomplished“dipSŽolar˜ordering“b¬ry“forming˜large“ripple-likš¬re“structures.‘0W‘ÿVe“ha˜v˜eŽ¡observ•¬red›p·an“ti-ferroSŽelectric–p¸ordering˜in“all˜three“of˜the“equiv‘ÿXäalen¬rt˜directions“on˜the“triangularŽ¡lattice,‘žÞand–‹ìthe“dipšSŽoles“ha•¬rv“e‘‹ëb˜een›‹ìobserv“ed˜to˜organize˜p•SŽerp“endicular˜to‘‹ëthe˜mem¬rbrane˜nor-Ž¡mal–aª(in›a«the“plane“of˜the“mem¬rbrane).‘ 6It˜is“particularly“in¬rteresting˜to“note“that˜the“ripple-lik¬reŽ¡structures›Ävha•¬rv“e–Äualso˜bSŽeen“observ¬red˜to“propagate˜in“the˜three“equiv‘ÿXäalen¬rt˜directions“on˜theŽ¡lattice,‘ÞÀbut‘ÛÆthe‘ÛÇÑdir–ÿffe“ction–%‡of“ripple“pr–ÿffop“agation›%ˆis–%‡always“p–ÿfferp“endicular–%‡to˜the“dip›ÿffole“dir˜e˜ctorŽ¡axis¹.‘8àA–ê¨snapshot“of“a“tš¬rypical“an˜ti-ferroSŽelectric“rippled“structure“is“sho˜wn“in“Fig.‘8à2.Ž¡‘Although–-Êthe“snapshot“in“Fig.‘F2“givš¬res“the“appSŽearance“of“three-ro˜w“stair-lik˜e“structures,Ž¡these–]AappšSŽear“to“b˜e‘]@transienš¬rt.‘«On“a˜v˜erage,‘yçthe“corrugation“of“the‘]@mem˜brane“is“a“relativ˜elyŽ¡smoSŽoth,›™Rlong-w•¬ra“v“elength–vdphenomenon,˜with›vcoSŽccasional“steep˜drops˜bSŽet•¬rw“een‘vdadjacen“t˜linesŽ¡of–ê¨an¬rti-aligned“dipSŽoles.Ž¡‘The–Áqheighš¬rt-dipSŽole“correlation‘Árfunction“(¿CŸ33¹hdŽ‘ Ž0(¿r˜;‘ÿþ¹cosŽ‘»R¿S޹))“mak˜es“the‘Árconnection“bSŽet˜w˜een“dipSŽo-Ž¡lar–ïLordering›ïKand“the˜w•¬ra“v“e›ïLv“ector˜of–ïKthe˜ripple“ev¬ren˜more“explicit.‘FË¿CŸ33¹hdŽ‘ Ž0(¿r¬r;‘ÿþ¹cosŽ‘»R¿S޹)˜is“an˜angle-Ž¡depšSŽenden¬rt–¦,pair‘¦+distribution“function.‘" The“angle“(¿˜¹)‘¦+is“the“angle“b˜et•¬rw“een‘¦+the‘¦,in“termolecularŽ¡v¬rector‘…¿~Ž‘ê¨rŸÌÌÀijŽŽŽ‘k¿¹and–ê¨direction“of“dipSŽole“¿i¹,ŽŸ#Ææ‘_=^¿CŸ33¹hdŽ‘ã‚=Ÿõ.–‘ˆ…ÂhŸûFu‘þƽ1Ž‘33Ÿöû‰zà×*ŸåêÀn½(Àr<r½)ŽŽŽŽ‘=ŽŸöÿûÅPŽ‘ è;Ÿ€ÀiŽ‘&MŸöÿûÅPŽ‘2÷ÀŸ€Àjv>iŽ‘Bß¿hŸÌÌÀiŽ‘‚–ª¨¿hŸÌÌÀjŽ‘f
26 ¿šs2¹(¿r‘þ6“¿rŸÌÌÀijŽ‘Jä¹)¿˜¹(cosŽ‘»T¿ŸÌÌÀijŽ‘ õŒÂ“¹cosŽ‘eü¿S޹)ÂiŽ‘ˆ…ŸÚ‰zàíZvŸ
27 ýΑl@Éh¿hŸüˆ‰½2Ž‘ÀÂiŽŽŽŽŽ’»Øô¹(3.3)ŽŽŽŸ¹where‘Ï*cosŽ‘Š~¿ŸÌÌÀijŽ‘
28  6¹=‘AÄ^Ž‘UR¿ŸÌÌÀiŽŽŽ‘>o‘ù+¹^Ž‘r€¿rŸÌÌÀijŽŽŽ‘Ø¹and‘UÕ^Ž‘Ï*¿rŸÌÌÀijŽŽŽ‘ºë¹=‘ﹿ~Ž‘URrŸÌÌÀijŽŽŽ‘ëÁ¿=rŸÌÌÀijŽ‘Jä¹.‘/¶¿n¹(¿ršS޹)–Ï*is‘Ï)the“n•¬rum“b˜er–Ï*of‘Ï)dip˜oles“found“in‘Ï)a“cylindricalŽ¡shell›ûQbSŽet•¬rw“een‘ûP¿r–Nß¹and˜¿r‘ ޹+‘µÿ¿s2r“¹of˜the‘ûPcen¬rtral˜particle.–jÚFig.“3˜sho•¬rws˜con“tours˜of‘ûPthis˜correlationŽ¡function–KÛfor“b•SŽoth‘KÜanš¬rti-ferro“electric,‘d(rippled–KÛmem˜branes“as“w˜ell“as‘KÜfor“the“dipSŽole-disorderedŽ¡pSŽortion–ê¨of“the“phase“diagram.ŽŽŸ’á07ŽŽŒ‹Ey ·€ ý/€ ²€Ÿ¬U™ïAPSfile="EX10099_fig2.eps" llx=0 lly=0 urx=1332 ury=1656 rwi=4662 ŽŽŸÀ»FIG.–Cú2:‘T‘ÿeop“and›CùSide“views˜of“a“represen•²!tativ“e˜con guration–Cúfor“the˜dipMÞolar“ordered˜phase“sup-ޤÀpšMÞorted–;won“the“triangular“lattice.‘ Note‘;vthe“an²!ti-ferro˜electric“ordering“and“the“long“w•²!a“v“elengthŽ¡bucš²!kling–'Iof‘'Jthe“mem˜brane.‘`ˆDipšMÞolar“ordering‘'Jhas“b˜een›'Jobserv²!ed“in˜all“three˜equiv‘ÿdDalen²!t“directionsŽ¡on–öthe›÷triangular“lattice,‘and“the˜ripple“direction˜is“alw•²!a“ys˜p•MÞerp“endicular–öto˜the“director˜axis“forŽ¡the‘¦fdipMÞoles.ŽŽŽŸ’á0¹8ŽŽŒ‹ Tû ·€ ý/€ ²€ ÿ ÿYžïïDPSfile="EX10099_fig3.eps" llx=-130 lly=157 urx=706 ury=620 rwi=4662 ŽŽŸÀ»FIG.–úú3:‘ˆ'Conš²!tours‘úûof“the“heigh˜t-dipšMÞole“correlation“function“as“a“function‘úûof“the“dot“pro˜duct“b˜et•²!w“eenޤÀthe–àòdipMÞole›àñ(‘Ýš^ŽßŽŽ‘™»)“and˜in²!ter-dipMÞole“separation˜v²!ector“(~6^ŽßrŽŽ‘>Ž»)“and˜the“distance˜(ßršMÞ»)“b˜et•²!w“een‘àñthe‘àòdip˜oles.Ž¡P•²!erfect›g'heigh“t‘g(correlation˜(con“tours˜approac“hing˜1)‘g(are˜presen“t˜in–g(the˜ordered˜phase˜when“the˜t•²!w“oŽ¡dipMÞoles–EÛare“in“the“same“head-to-tail“line.‘½®Anš²!ti-correlation“(con˜tours“bMÞelo˜w“0)“is“only“seen“when“theŽ¡in•²!ter-dipMÞole›. v“ector˜is˜p•MÞerp“endicular˜to˜the˜dip“oles.‘tÆIn˜the˜dip“ole-disordered˜p“ortion˜of˜the˜phaseŽ¡diagram,‘ÃHthere–½is“only“wš²!eak“correlation“in“the“dipMÞole“direction“and“this“correlation“deca˜ys“rapidlyŽ¡to–¦fzero“for“inš²!termolecular“v˜ectors“that“are“not“dipMÞole-aligned.ŽŽŸ‘¹The–•]heigh¬rt-dipSŽole›•\correlation“function˜giv¬res“a“map˜of“ho¬rw“the˜topSŽology“of˜the“mem¬rbraneޤsurface–öv‘ÿXäaries›÷with“angular˜deviation“around“a˜giv¬ren“dip•SŽole.‘ì¥The˜upp“er–öpanel“of˜Fig.‘ì¥3“sho¬rwsŽ¡that–
29 ½in›
30 ¼the“an¬rti-ferro•SŽelectric˜phase,‘Âthe˜dip“ole–
31 ½heigh¬rts˜are“strongly˜correlated“for˜dipSŽoles“inŽ¡head-to-tail–arrangemenš¬rts,‘eôand‘this“correlation“pSŽersists“for“v˜ery“long‘distances“(up“to“15Ž¡¿n9¹).‘Ú•F‘ÿVor–uåpSŽortions›uäof“the˜mem¬rbrane“lo•SŽcated˜p“erp“endicular–uåto˜a“giv•¬ren˜dipSŽole,‘˜´the˜mem“braneŽ¡heighš¬rt–™bSŽecomes“an˜ti-correlated“at“distances“of“10“¿n9¹.‘E—The“correlation“function“is“relativ˜elyŽ¡smoSŽoth;‘Y“there–4šare“no“steep“jumps“or“steps,‘Gso“the“stair-lik¬re“structures“in“Fig.‘¶2“are“indeedŽ¡transienš¬rt–*and“disappSŽear‘*when“a˜v˜eraged“o˜v˜er“man˜y–*con gurations.‘ö÷In“the‘*dipSŽole-disorderedŽ¡phase,‘«Sthe–„Ëheigh¬rt-dipSŽole›„Êcorrelation“function˜is“relativ¬rely˜ at“(and˜ho•¬rv“ers‘„Ënear˜zero).‘HTheŽ¡only–ê¨signi canš¬rt“heigh˜t“correlations“are“for“axial“dipSŽoles“at“v˜ery“short“distances“(¿r‘¨à‘UR¿n9¹).ŽŽŸ’á09ŽŽŒ‹
32 Wž ·€ ý/€ ²€ ýp€‘ØB.‘ —©Discriminating–2Ripples“from“Thermal“UndulationsŽŸ#9ó‘¹In–éorder“to“bSŽe“sure“that“the“structures“w•¬re‘êha“v“e›éobserv“ed˜are˜actually˜a˜rippled˜phase˜andŽ©not–ê¨simply“thermal“undulations,“wš¬re“ha˜v˜e“computed“the“undulation“spSŽectrum,ޤ!’£aó¿h¹(ð[¿~ŽqŽŽ‘£æ¹)–UR=“¿AŸû ™Ã½1À=½2ޑ܂Ÿïª¢ÅZŽ‘#Ü‚¿dšg~ŽrŽŽ–Ÿh¹(šg¿~ŽrŽŽ“¹)¿eŸû ™ÃÀiP~ŽqŽŽ‘þÃÄÀ~ŽrŽŽŽŽ’»Øô¹(3.4)ŽŽŽ¡where–E¿h¹(šg¿~ŽrŽŽ‘Ÿ¹)“is“the“heighš¬rt“of‘EŒthe“mem˜brane“at“loSŽcation‘ßô¿~Ž“rŽŽ‘ˆm¹=‘£Æ(¿x;‘ÿþyn9¹).“[1Ž‘ßü,‘œF41Ž‘\>]“In“simple“(andަmore–wcomplicated)›xelastic“con•¬rtin“uum˜moSŽdels,‘ +it‘wcan˜sho“wn–wthat˜in“the“¿N‘@äV‘œpT‘§>¹ensem¬rble,‘ +theަabsolute–ê¨v‘ÿXäalue“of“the“undulation“spšSŽectrum“can“b˜e“written,Ž¡’¥pkÂhj¿h¹(¿q•n9¹)ÂjŸû ™½2Ž‘ÀÂiŸÌÌÀN‘Ú"V‘ãTŽ‘fu¹=Ÿ÷áÅ‘¶A¿kŸÌÌÀBŽ‘N>¿TŽ‘ˆ…Ÿ[«‰zà4JëŸ
33 ýÎkŸÌÌÀcŽ‘.y¿q“Ÿüˆ‰½4Ž‘Øå¹+‘ª¨¿ ‘§q“Ÿüˆ‰½2ŽŽŽŽŽ‘:£¿;Ž’»Øô¹(3.5)ŽŽŽ¡where–©Â¿kŸÌÌÀcŽ‘Ø;¹is“the“bšSŽending“mo˜dulus“for“the“memš¬rbrane,‘Ù‰and“¿ ‘PÞ¹is“the“mec˜hanical“surface“ten-ަsion.–´[1Ž‘ßü]›´The“systems˜studied˜in“this“papSŽer˜ha•¬rv“e˜essen“tially–´zero“b•SŽending˜mo“duli‘´(¿kŸÌÌÀcŽ‘.y¹)˜andަrelativš¬rely–ê¨large“mec˜hanical“surface“tensions“(¿ ‘§¹),“so“a“m˜uc˜h“simpler“form“can“bSŽe“written,Ž¡’´ž'Âhj¿h¹(¿q•n9¹)ÂjŸû ™½2Ž‘ÀÂiŸÌÌÀN‘Ú"V‘ãTŽ‘fu¹=Ÿ÷áÅ‘ˆ…¿kŸÌÌÀBŽ‘N>¿TŽ‘ˆ…Ÿ[«‰zàïsŸ
34 ýΑf ‘§q“Ÿüˆ‰½2ŽŽŽŽŽ‘«+¿;Ž’»Øô¹(3.6)ŽŽŽ¡‘The–‹undulation“spšSŽectrum“is“computed“b¬ry“sup˜erimp˜osing“a“rectangular“grid“on“top“of“theަmem•¬rbrane,‘Ù9and›ÔÞb“y˜assigning˜heigh“t˜(¿h¹(šg¿~ŽrŽŽ‘Ÿ¹))˜v‘ÿXäalues‘ÔÝto˜the˜grid˜from˜the˜a“v“erage‘ÔÝof˜all˜dipSŽolesަthat–Gfall“within“a“givš¬ren‘®¿~Ž“rŽŽ‘ 1•¹+‘5¿dšg~ŽrŽŽ‘
35 `¹grid“area.‘ü½Empt˜y“grid“pixels“are“assigned“heigh˜t“v‘ÿXäalues“b˜yަinš¬rterpSŽolation–Ïäfrom‘Ïãthe“nearest“neigh˜bSŽor–Ïãpixels.‘è“A‘Ï©standard“2-d–ÏäF‘ÿVourier“transform‘Ïãis“thenަused–:Íto“obtain“Âhj¿h¹(¿qn9¹)ÂjŸû¥2½2Ž‘ÀÂi¹.‘)PAlternativš¬rely‘ÿV,‘NÖsince“the“dipSŽoles“sit“on“a“Bra˜v‘ÿXäais‘:Îlattice,‘NÖone“couldަuse–óthe“heighš¬rts“of‘òthe“lattice“pSŽoin˜ts“themselv˜es“as“the“grid“for‘òthe“F‘ÿVourier“transform“(withoutަin¬rterpSŽolating–Àãto›Àâa“square˜grid).‘»Ho•¬rw“ev“er,‘öqif–Àãlateral˜translational“freedom˜is“added˜to“thisަmoSŽdel–{d(a‘{clikš¬rely“extension),‘Ÿ“an“in˜terpšSŽolated‘{cgrid“metho˜d“for“computing‘{cundulation“sp˜ectraަwill–ê¨bSŽe“required.ަ‘As‘\men•¬rtioned›]abSŽo“v“e,‘‰the˜bSŽest–\ ts˜to“our“undulation˜spSŽectra“are˜obtained“b¬ry˜setting“theަv‘ÿXäalue›kof–k¿kŸÌÌÀcŽ‘™ˆ¹to“0.–ºIn˜Fig.“4‘kw•¬re˜sho“w˜t“ypical–kundulation˜spSŽectra˜for“t•¬rw“o˜di eren“t‘kregions˜ofަthe–®}phase“diagram›®|along“with“their“ ts˜from“the“Landau“free˜energy“approac¬rh“(Eq.‘„^3.6).ަIn–ùthe›øhigh-tempSŽerature“disordered“phase,‘' the“Landau˜ ts“can“bSŽe“nearly˜pSŽerfect,‘' and“fromަthese–
36 Ü ts“wš¬re“can“estimate“the“tension“in“the“surface.‘™|In“reduced“units,‘Rét˜ypical“v‘ÿXäalues“ofަ¿ ‘§Ÿû¥2ÃŽ‘¼r¹=–UR¿ ‘§=“¹=“2500–¤Nare›¤Oobtained“for“the˜disordered“phase“(¿ ‘§Ÿû¥2ÃŽ‘¼r¹=‘UR2551¿:¹7“in˜the“top“panel˜of“Fig.ަ4).ŽŽŸ’Þ@10ŽŽŒ‹ `F ·€ ý/€ ²€ ýp€‘¹T¬rypical–“’v‘ÿXäalues›““of“¿ ‘§Ÿû¥2ÃŽ‘ ú²¹in“the˜dipSŽolar-ordered“phase“are˜m•¬ruc“h–“’higher“than“in˜the“dipSŽolar-ޤdisordered–±ãphase“(¿ ‘§Ÿû¥2ÃŽ‘ ÃN¹=‘\.73¿;‘ÿþ¹538“in“the“lo•¬rw“er–±ãpanel“of‘±äFig.‘
37 Ž‘4).‘
38 Ž’F‘ÿVor“the“dipSŽolar-orderedŽ¡triangular–ô7lattice›ô8near“the˜cošSŽexistence“temp˜erature,‘öœwš¬re“also‘ô8observ˜e“long‘ô8w˜a˜v˜elength“undu-Ž¡lations–Åthat“are“far“outliers“to“the“ ts.‘À7That“is,‘# the“Landau“free“energy“ ts“are“w¬rell“withinŽ¡error–å‚bars›åfor“most“of˜the“other“pšSŽoin¬rts,‘æ‰but“can“b˜e›åo “b¬ry“Ñor‘ÿffders–.yof“magnitude–傹for“a˜few“lo¬rwŽ¡frequency‘ê¨compSŽonen¬rts.Ž¡‘W‘ÿVe–åin¬rterpret›äthese“outliers“as˜evidence“that“these˜lo¬rw“frequency“moSŽdes˜are“Ñnon-thermalŽ¡undulations¹.‘´W‘ÿVe–N$tak¬re›N%this“as“evidence˜that“w¬re“are“actually˜seeing“a“rippled˜phase“dev¬relopingŽ¡in–ê¨this“moSŽdel“system.ŽŸ,ƒ%‘ØC.‘ —©E ects–2of“P•¦toten“tial›2P“arameters˜on˜Amplitude˜and˜W‘þó\a“v“elengthŽŸ#9ó‘¹W‘ÿVe›¨ha•¬rv“e˜used‘§t“w“o˜di eren“t˜methoSŽds˜to–§estimate˜the˜amplitude˜and“p•SŽerio“dicit¬ry˜of˜theŽ¡ripples.‘XjThe–õ+ rst“methoSŽd“requires“pro‘§jection›õ,of“the“ripples“on¬rto“a˜one“dimensional“ripplingŽ¡axis.‘‘USince–$the“rippling“is“alw•¬ra“ys›$p•SŽerp“endicular‘%to˜the˜dip“ole˜director˜axis,‘ƒw¬re‘%can˜de ne˜aŽ¡ripple–ó%vš¬rector“as“follo˜ws.‘RWThe“largest“eigen˜v˜ector,–õD¿sŸÌ̽1Ž‘À¹,“of–ó%the“ÜS“¹matrix“in“Eq.‘RW3.2“is“pro‘§jectedŽ¡on¬rto–ê¨a“planar“director“axis,ŽŸ&»ÏŸüÕW’ÃÑο~ŽŸ*©’«;dŽŽ’̹=ŸÝe‘URÅ0ŽŸÇ‘URBޤ38‘URBŽ¡‘URBŽŸ®‘UR@ŽŽŸì3/‘(-¿~Ž‘˜âsŸÌ̽1ŽŽŽ‘ŒoŸýL²‘»¾¹^ŽŸ³N‘ª¨¿iŽŽŽŽ¡‘dŸ~Ž‘ÕTsŸÌ̽1ŽŽŽ‘ÈáŸýL²‘L¹^ŽŸ³N‘ª¨¿jŽŽŽŽ¡‘#½¹0ŽŽŽŸÝe‘,R"Å1ŽŸÇ‘,R"Cޤ38‘,R"CŽ¡‘,R"CŽŸ®‘,R"AŽŽŽ‘8Ò"¿:Ž’»Øô¹(3.7)ŽŽŽŸ0fx(ŸýL²‘ÿ^ŽŸ³N¿iŽŽ‘'¹,ŸýL²‘³×^ŽŸ³N‘ß3¿jŽŽ‘ D̹andŸüÕW‘.^ŽŸ*©‘ÜV¿kŽŽ‘<7¹are–ÜVunit“v¬rectors“along›ÜUthe“¿x¹,–ß3¿yn9¹,‘ß4and˜¿z‘e9¹axes,“respSŽectiv¬rely‘ÿV.)‘4The–ÜVrippling“axis“is“inŽ¡the–ê¨plane“of“the“mem¬rbrane“and“is“p•SŽerp“endicular–ê¨to“the“planar“director“axis,ޤ!’ÌW%¿~Ž’ÌfÊqŸÌ̽ripŽŽŽ’ß×(¹=ŸüÕW‘{å¿~ŽŸ*©‘URdŽŽ‘ üŸüÕW‘üp¹^ŽŸ*©‘ª¨¿kŽŽŽ’»Øô¹(3.8)ŽŽŽ¡W‘ÿVe–can“then› nd“the“heigh¬rt“pro le“of˜the“mem¬rbrane“along“the“ripple˜axis“b¬ry“pro‘§jectingޤheighš¬rts–Xof“the“dipSŽoles“to“obtain‘X~a“one-dimensional“heigh˜t“pro le,‘uº¿h¹(¿qŸÌ̽ripŽ‘
39 å_¹).‘(Ripple“w˜a˜v˜elengthsŽ¡can–ªÄbSŽe›ªÃestimated“from“the“largest˜non-thermal“loš¬rw-frequency“compSŽonen˜t“in‘ªÃthe“F‘ÿVourierŽ¡transform–zOof“¿h¹(¿qŸÌ̽ripŽ‘
40 å_¹).‘çÕAmplitudes“can‘zNbšSŽe“estimated“b¬ry“measuring“p˜eak-to-trough“distancesŽ¡in–꨿h¹(¿qŸÌ̽ripŽ‘
41 å_¹)“itself.Ž¡‘A‘‹second,–³_more›‹;accurate,“and˜simpler˜metho•SŽd˜for˜estimating˜ripple‘‹:shap“e˜is˜to˜extractŽ¡the›ã%w•¬ra“v“elength‘ã$and˜heigh“t–ã$information˜directly“from˜the“largest˜non-thermal“pSŽeak˜in“theŽ¡undulation–âspšSŽectrum.‘ìôF‘ÿVor“large-amplitude“ripples,‘4pthe‘ãt•¬rw“o–âmetho˜ds“giv¬re“similar‘ãresults.‘ìóTheŽŽŸ’Þ@11ŽŽŒ‹ mt ·€ ý/€ ²€ŸÇaïAPSfile="EX10099_fig4.eps" llx=20 lly=44 urx=525 ury=701 rwi=4662 ŽŽŸÀ»FIG.–ñ»4:‘t†Evidence“that›ñºthe“observ²!ed“ripples“are˜ó:ý':
42 ó3
43 cmti10ånot“»thermal“undulations˜is“obtained“from˜the“2-dޤÀF‘ÿeourier–Å6transform“ó5!",š
44 ó3
45 cmsy10àhjßhŸü¾ÃŽ–À»(ù2ß~ŽqŽŽ‘Gö»)àjŸü¾½2Ž“ài–Å6»of“the‘Å5heighš²!t“pro le“(àhßhŸü¾ÃŽ‘À»(ßx;‘Ó1yd“»)ài»).‘’ÍRippled“samples“sho˜w“lo˜w-w˜a˜v˜elengthŽ¡pMÞeaks–Þ÷that›Þøare“outliers˜on“the˜Landau“free˜energy“ ts˜b²!y“an˜order“of˜magnitude.‘›cSamples“exhibitingŽ¡only–¦fthermal“undulations“ t“Eq.‘ÝÝ3.5“remark‘ÿdDably“w²!ell.ŽŽŽŸ’Þ@¹12ŽŽŒ‹ z! ·€ ý/€ ²€ ýp€¹one-dimensional–þJpro‘§jection“methoSŽd›þKis“more“prone“to“noise“(particularly˜in“the“amplitudeޤestimates–5Ûfor“the“distorted“lattices).‘yW‘ÿVe“repSŽort“amplitudes“and“w•¬ra“v“elengths›5Ûtak“en˜directlyŽ¡from–ê¨the“undulation“spšSŽectrum“b˜elo¬rw.Ž¡‘In–z‚the“triangular›zƒlattice“(¿ ‘ñH¹=‘J-ŸöÇÂpŽ‘J/ŸöljzàßüŸ í9¹3ŽŽŽ‘*+),‘žythe“rippling“is“observ¬red“for˜tempSŽeratures“(¿T‘¡ÆŸû¥2ÃŽ‘aʹ)“fromŽ¡61‘ÃB‘ÃC¹122.‘
46 IThe›†Ëw•¬ra“v“elength˜of˜the‘†Ìripples˜is˜remark‘ÿXäably˜stable˜at˜21.4˜¿‘õ¹for˜all˜but˜theŽ¡tempSŽeratures–ŒÕclosest›ŒÔto“the“order-disorder˜transition.‘šA¬rt˜¿T‘¡ÆŸû¥2ÃŽ‘ ·¹=‘UR122,‘Ÿ™the“w•¬ra“v“elength˜drops‘ŒÕtoŽ¡17.1‘꨿n9¹.Ž¡‘The– °depSŽendence› ¯of“the˜amplitude“on“tempSŽerature˜is“sho¬rwn˜in“the˜top“panel“of˜Fig.‘Z÷5.Ž¡The–Ìïrippled›Ìðstructures“shrink˜smoSŽothly“as˜the“tempSŽerature˜rises“to•¬rw“ards˜the‘Ìïorder-disorderŽ¡transition.‘ØLThe›Êww•¬ra“v“elengths‘Êvand˜amplitudes˜w“e‘Êvobserv“e˜are–Êvsurprisingly˜close˜to“the˜¿=¹2Ž¡phase–´uobservš¬red“b˜y“Kaasgaard“Ñet‘ì²al.‘–F¹in“their“w˜ork“on“PC-based“lipids.[9Ž‘ßü]“Ho˜w˜ev˜er,‘æèthis“isŽ¡coinciden•¬rtal›ê¨agreemen“t˜based˜on˜a˜c“hoice˜of˜7˜ŸýàÜŽŽ˜A˜as˜the˜mean˜spacing˜bSŽet“w“een˜lipids.Ž¡‘The–HIripples›HJcan“bSŽe“made“to˜disappSŽear“b¬ry“increasing“the˜inš¬rternal“elastic“tension“(i.e.‘QÄb˜yŽ¡increasing–Â-¿kŸÌÌÀrŽ‘ T¹or“equiv‘ÿXäalenš¬rtly‘ÿV,‘øreducing“the“dipSŽole‘Â.momen˜t).‘¿pThe“amplitude“of‘Â.the“ripplesŽ¡depšSŽends–ðzcritically“on“the“strength“of“the“dip˜ole“momen¬rts“(¿Ÿû¥2ÃŽ‘À¹)‘ð{in“Eq.–JV2.1.“If–ðzthe“dip˜oles“areŽ¡w•¬reak“ened›_0substan“tially˜(bSŽelo“w˜¿Ÿû¥2ÃŽ‘ 4¹=˜20)˜at˜a‘_1 xed˜tempSŽerature˜of˜94,‘|Rthe˜mem“brane˜losesŽ¡dipSŽolar–¡ ordering›¡!and“the“ripple˜structures.‘ ]The˜ripples“reac¬rh“a˜pSŽeak“amplitude˜of“3.7“¿‘Z¹at“aŽ¡dipSŽolar–uystrength›uxof“25.‘ÐW‘ÿVe˜sho¬rw“the˜depSŽendence“of˜ripple“amplitude˜on“the˜dipSŽolar“strengthŽ¡in‘ê¨Fig.‘8à5.ŽŸ,ƒ%‘ØD.‘ —©Distorted‘2latticesŽŸ#9ó‘¹W‘ÿVe›wËha•¬rv“e˜also‘wÊin“v“estigated˜the˜e ect˜of˜the‘wÊlattice˜geometry˜b“y˜c“hanging‘wÊthe˜ratio˜ofŽ¡lattice–Z×constanš¬rts“(¿ ‘§¹)“while“k˜eeping“the“a˜v˜erage“nearest-neigh˜bSŽor“spacing“constan˜t.‘ðThe“an˜ti-Ž¡ferroSŽelectric–ß state›ßis“accessible“for“all˜¿ ‘†<¹v‘ÿXäalues“wš¬re“ha˜v˜e›ßused,‘¢although“the˜distorted“triangularŽ¡lattices–ê¨prefer“a“particular“director“axis“due“to“the“anisotrop¬ry“of“the“lattice.Ž¡‘Our–³observ‘ÿXäation›²of“rippling˜bSŽehaš¬rvior“w˜as“not›²limited“to˜the“triangular“lattices.‘QÿIn“dis-Ž¡torted–4lattices“the“anš¬rti-ferroSŽelectric“phase“can‘5dev˜elop“nearly“instan˜taneously“in“the“Mon˜teŽ¡Carlo–"Èsim¬rulations,‘0Ïand“these›"ÇdipSŽolar-ordered“phases“tend˜to“bSŽe“remark‘ÿXäably˜ at.‘á?Whenev¬rerŽ¡rippling–,„has›,ƒbSŽeen“observ¬red˜in“these˜distorted“lattices˜(e.g.‘ù¿ ‘ün¹=‘UR1¿:¹875),‘RŠw¬re“see˜relativ¬rely“shortŽ¡ripple›fw•¬ra“v“elengths–g(14˜¿n9¹)“and˜amplitudes˜of“2.4˜¿n9¹.‘ÎThese“ripples˜are˜wš¬reakly“depSŽenden˜t‘fonŽ¡dipšSŽolar–strength“(see“Fig.‘²D5),‘=although‘b˜elo¬rw“a“dip˜olar“strength“of“¿Ÿû¥2ÃŽ‘Z6¹=‘š220,‘<the“mem¬rbraneŽŽŸ’Þ@13ŽŽŒ‹|× ·€ ý/€ ²€ ÿ࡟„ƒ4ïAPSfile="EX10099_fig5.eps" llx=21 lly=26 urx=519 ury=360 rwi=4662 ŽŽŸÀ»FIG.– U5:‘§»a)“The“amplitude“ßAŸü¾ÃŽ‘ ËY»of“the“ripples“vs.‘ ©tempMÞerature“for“a“triangular“lattice.‘ ªb)“TheޤÀamplitude–C…ßAŸü¾ÃŽ‘ Š»of“the›C†ripples“vs.‘µ<dipMÞole“strength˜(ߟü¾ÃŽ‘À»)“for˜bMÞoth“the˜triangular“lattice˜(circles)“andŽ¡distorted–ûlattice“(squares).‘§ºThe“reduced“tempMÞeratures‘üwš²!ere“k˜ept“ xed“at“ßT‘…VŸü¾ÃŽ‘ P»=‘
47 §94‘üfor“the“triangularŽ¡lattice–ºand›¹ßT‘…VŸü¾ÃŽ‘ í7»=‘§Ü106“for˜the“distorted˜lattice“(appro²!ximately“2/3˜of“the˜order-disorder“transitionŽ¡tempMÞerature–¦ffor“eac²!h“lattice).ŽŽŸ¹loses–ê¨dipSŽolar“ordering“and“displa¬rys“only“thermal“undulations.ޤ‘The–Ò×ripple›ÒØphase“doSŽes“Ñnot˜¹appSŽear“at˜all“v‘ÿXäalues“of˜¿ ‘§¹.‘0ðW‘ÿVe“ha•¬rv“e‘Ò×only˜observ“ed‘Ò×non-thermalŽ¡undulations–Òain›Òbthe“range˜1¿:¹625–UR¿<“ ‘ün<“¹1¿:¹875.‘ÛsOutside–Òathis˜range,‘
48 othe˜order-disorder“transitionŽ¡in–wfthe›wedipSŽoles“remains,‘š”but“the˜ordered“dipSŽolar˜phase“has˜only“thermal˜undulations.‘ßThisŽ¡is–®Íone“of“our“strongest“pieces“of‘®Ìevidence“that“rippling“is“a“symmetry-breaking“phenomenonŽ¡for–ê¨triangular“and“nearly-triangular“lattices.ŽŽŸ’Þ@14ŽŽŒ‹‰ï ·€ ý/€ ²€ ÿw%ŸÅÃ4ïAPSfile="EX10099_fig6.eps" llx=27 lly=27 urx=537 ury=431 rwi=4662 ŽŽŸÀ»FIG.–f86:‘]The“ripple“w•²!a“v“elength–f8(top)“and“amplitude“(bMÞottom)“as“a“function“of“system“size“for“aŽŸÀtriangular–¦flattice“(ß ‘¦b»=›
49 §1ß:»732)“at“ßT‘…VŸü¾ÃŽ‘ P»=˜122.ŽŽŸ‘ØE.‘ —©E ects–2of“System“SizeŽŸ#9ó‘¹T‘ÿVo–ýþev‘ÿXäaluate›ýÿthe“e ect“of“ nite˜system“size,‘Ôwš¬re“ha˜v˜e›ýÿpSŽerformed“a“series“of˜sim¬rulations“onޤthe–0³triangular“lattice›0´at“a“reduced“tempSŽerature˜of“122,‘Uäwhic¬rh“is“just˜bSŽelo¬rw“the“order-disorderŽ¡transition–"tempšSŽerature“(¿T‘¡ÆŸû¥2ÃŽ‘
50 \¹=‘³‘139).‘ÞýThese“conditions“are“in“the“dip˜ole-ordered“and“rippledŽ¡pSŽortion–hÜof›hÛthe“phase˜diagram.‘ œThese“are˜also“the˜conditions“that˜should“bSŽe˜most“susceptibleŽ¡to–ê¨system“size“e ects.Ž¡‘There–©äis›©åsubstan¬rtial“depSŽendence“on˜system“size“for˜small“(less˜than“29“¿n9¹)˜p•SŽerio“dic‘©äb“o¬rxes.Ž¡Notably‘ÿV,‘ there›are–resonances“apparen¬rt˜in“the“ripple˜amplitudes“at˜bSŽo¬rx“lengths“of˜17.3“andŽ¡29.5– ®¿n9¹.‘›ñF‘ÿVor› ­larger“systems,‘ïthe“bSŽeha¬rvior“of˜the“ripples“appSŽears“to˜ha•¬rv“e– ®stabilized“and˜is“onŽ¡a–¾³trend›¾´to“sligh¬rtly˜smaller“amplitudes˜(and“sligh¬rtly˜longer“w•¬ra“v“elengths)˜than‘¾³w“ere˜observ“edŽŽŸ’Þ@15ŽŽŒ‹( ·€ ý/€ ²€ ýp€¹from–ê¨the“34.3“¿‘Xá¹bSŽoš¬rx“sizes“that“w˜ere“used“for“most“of“the“calculations.ޤ‘It–èis“inš¬rteresting“to“note“that“system“sizes“whic˜h“are“m˜ultiples“of“the“default“ripple“w˜a˜v˜e-Ž¡length–ŒNcan›ŒMenhance“the˜amplitude“of˜the“observ¬red˜ripples,‘Ÿ-but˜appSŽears“to˜ha•¬rv“e–ŒNonly˜a“minorŽ¡e ect–Š›on›Ššthe“observ•¬red˜w“a“v“elength.‘¸It‘Š›w“ould,‘²—of˜course,‘²˜b•SŽe˜b“etter–Š›to˜use“system˜sizes“thatŽ¡w•¬rere›~~man“y‘~}m“ultiples˜of‘~}the˜ripple˜w“a“v“elength–~}to˜bSŽe˜sure“that˜the“p•SŽerio“dic˜b“o¬rx˜is‘~}not˜drivingŽ¡the–8phenomenon,‘[Óbut›8at“the“largest“system“size“studied˜(70“¿‘¦W“¹70“¿n9¹),‘[Ôthe“n•¬rum“bšSŽer–8of“dip˜olesŽ¡(5440)–ê¨made“long“Monš¬rte“Carlo“sim˜ulations“prohibitiv˜ely“expSŽensiv˜e.ŽŸ,ƒ%ØIV.Ž‘bÕDISCUSSIONŽŸ#9ó‘¹W‘ÿVe›¸@ha•¬rv“e–¸?bSŽeen˜able˜to“sho¬rw˜that˜a“simple˜dipSŽolar“lattice˜moSŽdel˜whicš¬rh“con˜tains‘¸@onlyŽ¡molecular–¤Çpacš¬rking“(from“the‘¤Ælattice),‘ÓOanisotrop˜y“(in“the“form‘¤Æof“electrostatic“dipSŽoles)“andŽ¡a–>»w¬reak›>¼elastic“tension“(in“the˜form“of“a˜nearest-neigh¬rbšSŽor“harmonic“p˜oten¬rtial)“is‘>¼capable“ofŽ¡exhibiting›ynstable‘ymlong-w•¬ra“v“elength˜non-thermal–ymsurface˜corrugations.‘å1The“bSŽest˜explanationŽ¡for–Û€this›ÛbSŽeha¬rvior“is˜that“the˜abilit¬ry“of˜the“dipSŽoles˜to“translate˜out“of˜the“plane˜of“theŽ¡mem¬rbrane–p;is›p<enough“to˜break“the˜symmetry“of“the˜triangular“lattice˜and“allo¬rw˜the“energeticŽ¡bšSŽene t–åêfrom“the“formation“of“a“bulk“an¬rti-ferro˜electric“phase.‘7KW‘ÿVere“the“w¬reak“elastic“tensionŽ¡absenš¬rt–õ8from‘õ7our“moSŽdel,‘&Nit“w˜ould‘õ7bšSŽe“p˜ossible“for›õ7the“en¬rtire˜lattice“to“\tilt"˜using“¿z‘ˆã¹-translation.Ž¡Tilting–ûîthe›ûílattice“in˜this“w•¬ra“y˜w“ould–ûîyield˜an“e ectiv¬rely˜non-triangular“lattice˜whicš¬rh“w˜ouldŽ¡a•¬rv“oid–øCdipSŽolar›øDfrustration“altogether.‘èWith“the“elastic“tension˜in“place,‘(¾bulk“tilt“causes˜a“largeŽ¡strain,‘øand–ÝNthe“least›ÝOcostly“w•¬ra“y–ÝNto˜release“this“strain˜is“bSŽet•¬rw“een›ÝNt“w“o˜ro“ws‘ÝOof˜an“ti-alignedŽ¡dipSŽoles.‘ßThese–we\breaks"›wfwill“result˜in“rippled˜or“sa¬rwtoSŽoth˜patterns“in˜the“mem¬rbrane,‘š•andŽ¡alloš¬rw–äÊsmall“stripSŽes“of‘äËmem˜brane“to“form“an˜ti-ferroSŽelectric“regions“that‘äËare“tilted“relativ˜e“toŽ¡the›ê¨a•¬rv“eraged˜mem“brane˜normal.Ž¡‘Although–6 the“dip•SŽole-dip“ole›6!in¬rteraction–6 is“the“ma‘§jor˜driving“force“for“the˜long“range“ori-Ž¡en¬rtational›þˆordered–þ‰state,‘€the“formation˜of˜the“stable,‘€smoSŽoth“ripples˜is˜a“result˜of“the˜com-Ž¡p•SŽetition›Éšb“et•¬rw“een˜the˜elastic‘É™tension˜and˜the˜dip•SŽole-dip“ole˜in•¬rteractions.‘ÕµThis˜statemen“t˜isŽ¡suppSŽorted–*Âbš¬ry‘*Áthe“v‘ÿXäariation“in“¿Ÿû¥2ÃŽ‘À¹.‘øèSubstan˜tially“w˜eak˜er‘*ÁdipSŽoles“relativ˜e“to“the‘*Ásurface“tensionŽ¡can–ê¨cause“the“corrugated“phase“to“disappSŽear.Ž¡‘The–aÀpacš¬rking“of“the‘a¿dipSŽoles“in˜to“a“nearly-triangular“lattice“is‘a¿clearly“an“impSŽortan˜t“pieceŽ¡of–B’the›B“puzzle.‘@ŸThe“dipSŽolar“head˜groups“of˜lipid“molecules“are˜sterically“(as“w¬rell˜as“electro-Ž¡statically)–çÓanisotropic,‘'and“wš¬rould‘çÔnot“pac˜k“in“triangular“arrangemen˜ts‘çÔwithout“the“stericŽŽŸ’Þ@16ŽŽŒ‹”˜ ·€ ý/€ ²€ ýp€¹in•¬rterference›µ of‘µ adjacen“t˜molecular˜b•SŽo“dies.‘'Since˜w¬re˜only–µ see˜rippled˜phases˜in“the˜neigh¬rbSŽor-ޤho•SŽo“d›ßtof–ßu¿ ‘ün¹=‘URŸöÇÂpŽ‘ UTŸöljzàßüŸ í9¹3ŽŽŽ‘5P,‘á±this“implies˜that˜ev¬ren“if˜this˜dipSŽolar“mec¬rhanism˜is˜the“correct˜explanationŽ¡for–w´the›wµripple“phase˜in“realistic˜bila•¬ry“ers,‘޲there‘w´w“ould˜still–w´bSŽe˜a“role˜pla•¬ry“ed‘w´b“y˜the‘w´lipid˜c“hainsŽ¡in–]±the›]°in-plane“organization˜of“the˜triangularly“ordered˜phases“whic¬rh˜could“suppSŽort˜rip-Ž¡ples.‘FÆThe›ïKpresen¬rt–ïJmoSŽdel“is“certainly“not“detailed“enough“to˜answš¬rer“exactly“what“driv˜es“theŽ¡formation–€<of›€;the“¿PŸÌÌÀ i>Ÿý¸äÄ0ŽŽ‘ à>¹phase“in˜real“lipids,‘•„but˜suggests“some˜a•¬rv“en“ues–€<for˜further“expSŽerimen¬rts.Ž¡‘The–ÿ¸most‘ÿ¹impSŽortanš¬rt“prediction“w˜e“can‘ÿ¹mak˜e“using“the›ÿ¹results“from“this“simple˜moSŽdel“isŽ¡that–`pif“dipSŽolar“ordering“is“driving“the“surface“corrugation,‘}âthe“w•¬ra“v“e›`pv“ectors˜for˜the˜ripplesŽ¡should›ìlalw•¬ra“ys˜found‘ìmto˜bSŽe˜Ñp–ÿfferp“endicular˜¹to˜the‘ìmdipSŽole˜director˜axis.‘>-This˜prediction˜shouldŽ¡suggest–Ï-expSŽerimenš¬rtal‘Ï.designs“whic˜h›Ï.test“whether˜this“is˜really“true˜in“the˜phosphatidylc¬rholineŽ¡¿PŸÌÌÀ i>Ÿý¸äÄ0ŽŽ‘ ƒ0¹phases.‘âoThe‘#,dipšSŽole–#-director“axis“should“also“b˜e“easily“computable‘#,for“the“all-atom“andŽ¡coarse-grained–ê¨simš¬rulations“that“ha˜v˜e“bSŽeen“published“in“the“literature.Ž¡‘Our–ãother“observ‘ÿXäation›âabSŽout“the“ripple“and˜dipSŽolar“directionalit¬ry“is“that˜the“dipSŽole“di-Ž¡rector–@›axis“can“bšSŽe“found“to“b˜e“parallel“to‘@œanš¬ry“of“the“three“equiv‘ÿXäalen˜t“lattice“v˜ectors“in“theŽ¡triangular–[lattice.‘²ùDefects“in“the“ordering‘\of“the“dipšSŽoles“can“cause“the“dip˜ole“director“(andŽ¡consequen¬rtly–kÃthe“surface›kÄcorrugation)“of“small“regions˜to“bSŽe“rotated“relativ¬re˜to“eac¬rh“otherŽ¡b¬ry–N120Ÿû¥2ÃŽ‘À¹.‘ dThis›NŽis“a˜similar“bSŽeha¬rvior“to˜the“domain“rotation˜seen“in“the˜AFM‘N2studies“ofŽ¡Kaasgaard‘ê¨Ñet‘35al.¹[9Ž‘ßü]Ž¡‘Although–êXour›êYmoSŽdel“is˜simple,‘êhit“exhibits˜some“ric¬rh“and˜unexpšSŽected“b˜ehaš¬rviors.‘8ÆIt“w˜ouldŽ¡clearly–.bSŽe›.a“closer˜appro¬rximation“to˜the“realit¬ry˜if“w•¬re˜allo“w“ed–.greater˜translational“freedomŽ¡to–¹the›¹dipSŽoles“and˜replaced“the˜somewhat“arti cial˜lattice“pac¬rking˜and“the˜harmonic“elasticŽ¡tension–˜¯with›˜®more“realistic“molecular˜mošSŽdeling“p˜otenš¬rtials.‘What“w˜e‘˜®ha˜v˜e“done“is‘˜®to“presen˜tŽ¡a–Àsimple›ÀmoSŽdel“whic¬rh“exhibits˜bulk“non-thermal“corrugation,‘õjand“our“explanation˜of“thisŽ¡rippling–B§phenomenon“will“help“us“design‘B¨more“accurate“molecular“moSŽdels“for“corrugatedŽ¡memš¬rbranes–ê¨and“expSŽerimen˜ts“to“test“whether“rippling“is“dipSŽole-driv˜en“or“not.ŽŽŸ’Þ@17ŽŽŒ‹¡˜ ·€ ý/€ ²€ ýp€‘ØAc•¦tkno“wledgmen“tsŽŸ#9ó‘¹SuppSŽort–‹$for“this“pro‘§ject‘‹#wš¬ras“pro˜vided“b˜y“the“National“Science‘‹#F‘ÿVoundation“under“gran˜tŽŸCHE-0134881.‘8àThe–ê¨authors“wš¬rould“lik˜e“to“thank“the“review˜ers“for“helpful“commen˜ts.ŽŸ‘o@ž@„€õ€’ÿ)0£ „À¸ 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