--- trunk/tengDissertation/Langevin.tex	2006/07/17 15:48:57	2939
+++ trunk/tengDissertation/Langevin.tex	2006/07/17 20:01:05	2941
@@ -11,27 +11,27 @@ solvent simulations for dynamical properties\cite{Shen
 simulations. Implicit solvent Langevin dynamics simulations of
 met-enkephalin not only outperform explicit solvent simulations for
 computational efficiency, but also agrees very well with explicit
-solvent simulations for dynamical properties\cite{Shen2002}.
+solvent simulations for dynamical properties.\cite{Shen2002}
 Recently, applying Langevin dynamics with the UNRES model, Liow and
 his coworkers suggest that protein folding pathways can be possibly
-explored within a reasonable amount of time\cite{Liwo2005}. The
+explored within a reasonable amount of time.\cite{Liwo2005} The
 stochastic nature of the Langevin dynamics also enhances the
 sampling of the system and increases the probability of crossing
-energy barriers\cite{Banerjee2004, Cui2003}. Combining Langevin
+energy barriers.\cite{Banerjee2004, Cui2003} Combining Langevin
 dynamics with Kramers's theory, Klimov and Thirumalai identified
 free-energy barriers by studying the viscosity dependence of the
-protein folding rates\cite{Klimov1997}. In order to account for
+protein folding rates.\cite{Klimov1997} In order to account for
 solvent induced interactions missing from implicit solvent model,
 Kaya incorporated desolvation free energy barrier into implicit
 coarse-grained solvent model in protein folding/unfolding studies
 and discovered a higher free energy barrier between the native and
 denatured states. Because of its stability against noise, Langevin
 dynamics is very suitable for studying remagnetization processes in
-various systems\cite{Palacios1998,Berkov2002,Denisov2003}. For
+various systems.\cite{Palacios1998,Berkov2002,Denisov2003} For
 instance, the oscillation power spectrum of nanoparticles from
 Langevin dynamics simulation has the same peak frequencies for
 different wave vectors, which recovers the property of magnetic
-excitations in small finite structures\cite{Berkov2005a}.
+excitations in small finite structures.\cite{Berkov2005a}
 
 %review langevin/browninan dynamics for arbitrarily shaped rigid body
 Combining Langevin or Brownian dynamics with rigid body dynamics,
@@ -40,14 +40,14 @@ torques\cite{Mielke2004}. Membrane fusion is another k
 as well as excluded volume potentials, Mielke and his coworkers
 discovered rapid superhelical stress generations from the stochastic
 simulation of twin supercoiling DNA with response to induced
-torques\cite{Mielke2004}. Membrane fusion is another key biological
+torques.\cite{Mielke2004} Membrane fusion is another key biological
 process which controls a variety of physiological functions, such as
 release of neurotransmitters \textit{etc}. A typical fusion event
 happens on the time scale of a millisecond, which is impractical to
 study using atomistic models with newtonian mechanics. With the help
 of coarse-grained rigid body model and stochastic dynamics, the
 fusion pathways were explored by many
-researchers\cite{Noguchi2001,Noguchi2002,Shillcock2005}. Due to the
+researchers.\cite{Noguchi2001,Noguchi2002,Shillcock2005} Due to the
 difficulty of numerical integration of anisotropic rotation, most of
 the rigid body models are simply modeled using spheres, cylinders,
 ellipsoids or other regular shapes in stochastic simulations. In an
@@ -56,20 +56,20 @@ consecutive rotations\cite{Fernandes2002}. Unfortunate
 dynamics simulation algorithm\cite{Ermak1978,Allison1991} by
 incorporating a generalized $6\times6$ diffusion tensor and
 introducing a simple rotation evolution scheme consisting of three
-consecutive rotations\cite{Fernandes2002}. Unfortunately, unexpected
+consecutive rotations.\cite{Fernandes2002} Unfortunately, unexpected
 errors and biases are introduced into the system due to the
 arbitrary order of applying the noncommuting rotation
-operators\cite{Beard2003}. Based on the observation the momentum
+operators.\cite{Beard2003} Based on the observation the momentum
 relaxation time is much less than the time step, one may ignore the
 inertia in Brownian dynamics. However, the assumption of zero
 average acceleration is not always true for cooperative motion which
 is common in protein motion. An inertial Brownian dynamics (IBD) was
 proposed to address this issue by adding an inertial correction
-term\cite{Beard2000}. As a complement to IBD which has a lower bound
+term.\cite{Beard2000} As a complement to IBD which has a lower bound
 in time step because of the inertial relaxation time, long-time-step
 inertial dynamics (LTID) can be used to investigate the inertial
 behavior of the polymer segments in low friction
-regime\cite{Beard2000}. LTID can also deal with the rotational
+regime.\cite{Beard2000} LTID can also deal with the rotational
 dynamics for nonskew bodies without translation-rotation coupling by
 separating the translation and rotation motion and taking advantage
 of the analytical solution of hydrodynamics properties. However,
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ Garc\'{i}a de la Torre and Bloomfield\cite{Torre1977},
 Here $R_{ij}$ is the distance vector between bead $i$ and bead $j$.
 A second order expression for element of different size was
 introduced by Rotne and Prager\cite{Rotne1969} and improved by
-Garc\'{i}a de la Torre and Bloomfield\cite{Torre1977},
+Garc\'{i}a de la Torre and Bloomfield,\cite{Torre1977}
 \begin{equation}
 T_{ij}  = \frac{1}{{8\pi \eta R_{ij} }}\left[ {\left( {I +
 \frac{{R_{ij} R_{ij}^T }}{{R_{ij}^2 }}} \right) + R\frac{{\sigma