38 |
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packing arrangements (two conglomerates and two macroscopic |
39 |
|
racemates), which depend on the tilt direction and the polar |
40 |
|
direction of the molecule in adjacent layer (see |
41 |
< |
Fig.~\cite{LCFig:SMCP}). |
41 |
> |
Fig.~\ref{LCFig:SMCP}). |
42 |
|
|
43 |
|
\begin{figure} |
44 |
|
\centering |
45 |
|
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{smcp.eps} |
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< |
\caption[] |
47 |
< |
{} |
46 |
> |
\caption[SmCP Phase Packing] {Four possible SmCP phase packings that |
47 |
> |
are characterized by the relative tilt direction(A and S refer an |
48 |
> |
anticlinic tilt or a synclinic ) and the polarization orientation (A |
49 |
> |
and F represent antiferroelectric or ferroelectric polar order).} |
50 |
|
\label{LCFig:SMCP} |
51 |
|
\end{figure} |
52 |
|
|
183 |
|
\begin{figure} |
184 |
|
\centering |
185 |
|
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{banana.eps} |
186 |
< |
\caption[]{} \label{LCFig:BananaMolecule} |
186 |
> |
\caption[Schematic representation of a typical banana shaped |
187 |
> |
molecule]{Schematic representation of a typical banana shaped |
188 |
> |
molecule.} \label{LCFig:BananaMolecule} |
189 |
|
\end{figure} |
190 |
|
|
191 |
< |
\begin{figure} |
192 |
< |
\centering |
193 |
< |
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{bananGB.eps} |
194 |
< |
\caption[]{} \label{LCFigure:BananaGB} |
195 |
< |
\end{figure} |
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%\begin{figure} |
192 |
> |
%\centering |
193 |
> |
%\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{bananGB.eps} |
194 |
> |
%\caption[]{} \label{LCFigure:BananaGB} |
195 |
> |
%\end{figure} |
196 |
|
|
197 |
|
\begin{figure} |
198 |
|
\centering |
212 |
|
\end{equation} |
213 |
|
where $\epsilon _{fs}$ is the permittivity of free space. |
214 |
|
|
215 |
< |
\section{\label{liquidCrystalSection:methods}Methods} |
215 |
> |
\section{Computational Methodology} |
216 |
|
|
217 |
< |
\section{\label{liquidCrystalSection:resultDiscussion}Results and Discussion} |
217 |
> |
A series of molecular dynamics simulations were perform to study the |
218 |
> |
phase behavior of banana shaped liquid crystals. In each simulation, |
219 |
> |
every banana shaped molecule has been represented by three GB |
220 |
> |
particles which is characterized by $\mu = 1,~ \nu = 2, |
221 |
> |
~\epsilon_{e}/\epsilon_{s} = 1/5$ and $\sigma_{e}/\sigma_{s} = 3$. |
222 |
> |
All of the simulations begin with same equilibrated isotropic |
223 |
> |
configuration where 1024 molecules without dipoles were confined in |
224 |
> |
a $160\times 160 \times 120$ box. After the dipolar interactions are |
225 |
> |
switched on, 2~ns NPTi cooling run with themostat of 2~ps and |
226 |
> |
barostat of 50~ps were used to equilibrate the system to desired |
227 |
> |
temperature and pressure. |
228 |
> |
|
229 |
> |
\subsection{Order Parameters} |
230 |
> |
|
231 |
> |
To investigate the phase structure of the model liquid crystal, we |
232 |
> |
calculated various order parameters and correlation functions. |
233 |
> |
Particulary, the $P_2$ order parameter allows us to estimate average |
234 |
> |
alignment along the director axis $Z$ which can be identified from |
235 |
> |
the largest eigen value obtained by diagonalizing the order |
236 |
> |
parameter tensor |
237 |
> |
\begin{equation} |
238 |
> |
\overleftrightarrow{\mathsf{Q}} = \frac{1}{N}\sum_i^N % |
239 |
> |
\begin{pmatrix} % |
240 |
> |
u_{ix}u_{ix}-\frac{1}{3} & u_{ix}u_{iy} & u_{ix}u_{iz} \\ |
241 |
> |
u_{iy}u_{ix} & u_{iy}u_{iy}-\frac{1}{3} & u_{iy}u_{iz} \\ |
242 |
> |
u_{iz}u_{ix} & u_{iz}u_{iy} & u_{iz}u_{iz}-\frac{1}{3} % |
243 |
> |
\end{pmatrix}, |
244 |
> |
\label{lipidEq:po1} |
245 |
> |
\end{equation} |
246 |
> |
where the $u_{i\alpha}$ is the $\alpha$ element of the unit vector |
247 |
> |
$\mathbf{\hat{u}}_i$, and the sum over $i$ averages over the whole |
248 |
> |
collection of unit vectors. The $P_2$ order parameter for uniaxial |
249 |
> |
phase is then simply given by |
250 |
> |
\begin{equation} |
251 |
> |
\langle P_2 \rangle = \frac{3}{2}\lambda_{\text{max}}. |
252 |
> |
\label{lipidEq:po3} |
253 |
> |
\end{equation} |
254 |
> |
In addition to the $P_2$ order parameter, $ R_{2,2}^2$ order |
255 |
> |
parameter for biaxial phase is introduced to describe the ordering |
256 |
> |
in the plane orthogonal to the director by |
257 |
> |
\begin{equation} |
258 |
> |
R_{2,2}^2 = \frac{1}{4}\left\langle {(x_i \cdot X)^2 - (x_i \cdot |
259 |
> |
Y)^2 - (y_i \cdot X)^2 + (y_i \cdot Y)^2 } \right\rangle |
260 |
> |
\end{equation} |
261 |
> |
where $X$, $Y$ and $Z$ are axis of the director frame. |
262 |
> |
|
263 |
> |
\subsection{Structure Properties} |
264 |
> |
|
265 |
> |
It is more important to show the density correlation along the |
266 |
> |
director |
267 |
> |
\begin{equation} |
268 |
> |
g(z) =< \delta (z-z_{ij})>_{ij} / \pi R^{2} \rho |
269 |
> |
\end{equation}, |
270 |
> |
where $z_{ij} = r_{ij} \dot Z$ was measured in the director frame |
271 |
> |
and $R$ is the radius of the cylindrical sampling region. |
272 |
> |
|
273 |
> |
\subsection{Rotational Invariants} |
274 |
> |
|
275 |
> |
As a useful set of correlation functions to describe |
276 |
> |
position-orientation correlation, rotation invariants were first |
277 |
> |
applied in a spherical symmetric system to study x-ray and light |
278 |
> |
scatting\cite{Blum1972}. Latterly, expansion of the orientation pair |
279 |
> |
correlation in terms of rotation invariant for molecules of |
280 |
> |
arbitrary shape was introduce by Stone\cite{Stone1978} and adopted |
281 |
> |
by other researchers in liquid crystal studies\cite{Berardi2003}. |
282 |
> |
|
283 |
> |
\begin{eqnarray} |
284 |
> |
S_{22}^{220} (r) & = & \frac{1}{{4\sqrt 5 }} \left< \delta (r - |
285 |
> |
r_{ij} )((\hat x_i \cdot \hat x_j )^2 - (\hat x_i \cdot \hat y_j |
286 |
> |
)^2 - (\hat y_i \cdot \hat x_j )^2 + (\hat y_i \cdot \hat y_j |
287 |
> |
)^2 ) \right. \\ |
288 |
> |
& & \left. - 2(\hat x_i \cdot \hat y_j )(\hat y_i \cdot \hat x_j ) - |
289 |
> |
2(\hat x_i \cdot \hat x_j )(\hat y_i \cdot \hat y_j )) \right> |
290 |
> |
\end{eqnarray} |
291 |
> |
|
292 |
> |
\begin{equation} |
293 |
> |
S_{00}^{221} (r) = - \frac{{\sqrt 3 }}{{\sqrt {10} }}\left\langle |
294 |
> |
{\delta (r - r_{ij} )((\hat z_i \cdot \hat z_j )(\hat z_i \cdot |
295 |
> |
\hat z_j \times \hat r_{ij} ))} \right\rangle |
296 |
> |
\end{equation} |
297 |
> |
|
298 |
> |
\section{Results and Conclusion} |
299 |
> |
\label{sec:results and conclusion} |
300 |
> |
|
301 |
> |
To investigate the molecular organization behavior due to different |
302 |
> |
dipolar orientation and position with respect to the center of the |
303 |
> |
molecule, |